Laws for Fair, Balanced and Competitive Business Practice...

United States has several laws that ensure that competition among businesses flow rely and new competitors get free access to the market. These laws intend to ensure fair and balanced competitive business practices. However, there are times when some businesses will do anything to gain competitive edge. USA has strong antitrust laws that prohibit fixing market price, price discrimination, conspiring boycott, monopolizing, and adopting unfair business practices. The history of Antitrust laws goes back to 1890 when Congress passed Sherman Act. In 1914, Congress passed two more acts: Federal Trade Commission Act, and Clayton Act. With some revisions, these three acts are still core antitrust acts. The Sherman Act outlaws every contract,†¦show more content†¦Rockefeller’s Standard Oil dropped its price by more than half and bought up many competitors. Microsoft has also been accused of adopting unfair business practices and discouraging competition several times. Microsoft started getting its web browser Internet Explorer with Windows operating system and other products. Even though consumers were not forced to purchase the Internet Explorer browser, Microsoft did manage to discourage competition. Court held Microsoft liable under antitrust laws. Many times even a government can allow a company to work as monopoly. For example, ATT was allowed to work as a natural monopoly. Similarly, Kodak was found violating antitrust laws in 1921 as at that time Kodak was controlling 96% of film and camera market in USA. Company was accused of discouraging competition. (antitrustlaws.org) In 2013, Apple was found violating antitrust law by conspiring to raise prices of e-book s. In spite of such laws, businesses find ways to practice unfair business practices. There were times when large enterprises have been able to drive smaller businesses out of business. Companies had left clients with no choice, but to buy their products. Companies have been cheating consumers. It is not just large corporations; even smaller corporations are indulged in unfair business practices. According to FTC, American consumers lost over $1.6 billion toShow MoreRelatedResearch Paper_Week3834 Words   |  4 Pages3-RESEARCH PAPER INTRO TO BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY July 27, 2014 The United States has several laws that are intended to further fair, balanced, and competitive business practices. Do you think that such laws are effective? If so, why? If not, why not? Be sure to provide evidence to support your position one way or the other. There are several laws in the United States that are chosen to be fair, balances, and competitive for businesses. 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(Carroll, Buchholtz, 2008:242,243) So it’s rather impossible for a large company such as PwC to adhereRead MoreEssay Case Study of Lincoln Electric Company875 Words   |  4 PagesJames Lincoln was totally committed to its customers. The buyers are the most essential people for any business. The consumers are the source upon which the accomplishment of the corporation rests on. When contemplating about the significance of patrons it is valuable to recall the following ideas: Repeat dealing is the pillar of vending. â€Å"It helps to provide revenue and certainty for the business† (Marketing theory, n.d., para. 1). Corporations are reliant on upon their customers. If they doRead MoreSouth Africa Competition Policy Originates From The Regulation Of Monopolistic Conditions Act Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pagesnot only eradicate new concentrations of economic power but also existing monopolies and oligopolies. 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Spyware on Children’s Computers; Regorian Rhetoric Free Essays

string(169) " of undergraduate students in the United States showed that â€Å"64% indicated they strongly disagreed with the statement that ‘spyware is more beneficial than harmful\." Parents as Undercover Cops Spyware is any technology that aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge. On the internet, spyware is programming that is put in someone’s computer to secretly gather information about the user and relay it to advertisers or other interested parties. In this case, the ‘other interested parties’ are parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Spyware on Children’s Computers; Regorian Rhetoric or any similar topic only for you Order Now Parents are becoming more and more protective of their kids. Many are now becoming open to the idea of putting spyware on their children’s computers when previously that was unthought-of. No matter what ones particular outlook on this subject is, there are pros and cons of each side, and most seem to lean largely on one side or the other, as opposed to being more in the middle. There are many harmful traps on the internet, but does that justify tracking children’s every keystroke on their computer? Harlan Coben believes spyware is more than justified. In Coben’s article, â€Å"The Undercover Parent,† Coben states that parents are overprotective of their kids in many other aspects, such as knowing their passwords to their phones, supervising them at all events, and so on. So why give them their independence when it comes to the internet? I understand what he means and even agree with his reasoning in some ways. Coben says that the ones doing the surveillance are not some government officials; they are loving parents trying to protect their offspring. This argument is valid because it shows that the parents who choose to put the software in computers are really just trying to keep their kids best interest in mind, and those who compare it to being surveyed by a government agency or something of the like is ludicrous. Some children are at risk of being harmed through the internet, and do require that surveillance. The children that are unknowingly communicating with a pedophile, or the â€Å"43% of teens [that] have been victims of cyber bullying in the last year,† could have had a possibility of being helped if their parents had spyware software downloaded onto their computer. (Stop Cyber Bullying Before it Start’s) Of course, ‘what-if’s’ are always going to be asked, and there is no way that spyware can solve these problems fully. Pedophilia and cyber bullying are both serious issues and need to be stopped. Yes, spyware could help the problem. Yes, spyware could alert or notify a parent if one of these two activities is going on, which could be extremely beneficial. I agree that spyware should be used in these very specific situations. Coben also believes that having this program reinforces to children the fact that the internet is not a haven of privacy. In an academic journal article regarding Facebook, a website that many children and teens are using, it is written that â€Å"We need to teach them that NOTHING IS PRIVATE online, especially their social networks† (Fodeman). All children need to understand and acknowledge that the internet is not private, but even more so those who use social networking, because once something is typed and sent, uploaded, or anything, it can never be taken back or deleted. Sure you can remove certain things, but somewhere it is still out there, and it can be retrieved if deemed necessary. Everyone has access to posts online, and if the reason they are not misusing the internet is because of their fear of the spyware, then so be it. There is a fine line between being responsibly protective and irresponsibly nosy, Coben argues. If a parent is going to have spyware on their children’s computer, they need to be doing so for the correct reasons. Doing so because there is a harmful behavior being engaged without another way to stop it is sufficient enough of reasoning. However, trying to be filled in on the latest gossip and happenings in the child’s life is not going to cut it. Parents are supposed to be responsible and looking out for harmful and negative behaviors. They should not be abusing their powers or the tools given to them to help ensure their loved child’s online safety and protection. I do tend to agree with the various arguments that Coben uses to validate his claims, yet I have two different opinions on the use of spyware technololgy. If ones child is dishonest, engaging in suspicious or risky behavior, install the spyware. If a parent has real evidence that their child is harming him or herself, then the parent has a responsibility to help and protect the child even though their child may not want the watchful eye. It is more than fair for parents whose children have engaged in some kind of dangerous behavior, to tell them â€Å"If you don’t meet your responsibilities to take care of yourself and to stay safe, then I’m going to take whatever steps necessary. If that means looking in your room, looking in your drawers and looking on your computer, that’s exactly what I’m prepared to do† (Lehman). That way the child will know there is a possibility of a spyware being put on their computer and are not caught off guard if something from the spywares report were to be brought up in the future. The safety of one’s children should be number one on the parents list and they need to be able to do what is deemed necessary in order to protect. Reading emails, having the knowledge of what they search for online, and seeing all of their communications may be necessary for certain situations. The situations where spyware should be put on children’s computers are only in extreme cases of dishonesty, incriminating behavior, or suspicious activities. Spyware may not be the most effective way to protect children, but in such cases the spyware could definitely help the situation. Besides extreme cases, ultimately parents having spyware on their children’s electronic devices without their knowledge are more harmful than beneficial. A survey conducted of undergraduate students in the United States showed that â€Å"64% indicated they strongly disagreed with the statement that ‘spyware is more beneficial than harmful. You read "Spyware on Children’s Computers; Regorian Rhetoric" in category "Papers" ’†(Freeman) The main reason putting spyware on a child’s computer that has done nothing wrong is harmful, is because the relationship between parent and child will most likely be impacted negatively when the child figures out there is spyware on their computer. If parents have children that meet their curfew, take care of their responsibilities, and the like, there is no reason to snoop on them. Good behavior should be rewarded, and telling your child that the lack of interference in her personal space is a direct result of her good behavior reinforces the trust given to that child. Spyware does not aide in creating independence or individuation. A goal of parenting should be to raise a young adult who can make independent decisions and who can have a life of their own. Teenagers are always trying to be individuals and want more independence. Part of having a life of their own is having a space of their own. When parents spy on their responsible child, the message they are sending is that even though the child has not done anything wrong, the child still needs to be watched and is not trustworthy. Also, children and teenagers usually know an awful lot more about computers and technology than adults do. Because of the difference in generations, most teens and children know how to check for spyware, how to disable it, and how to get around it, more often than not without the parent knowing what has happened. It is impossible for a parent to keep tabs and know absolutely everything their child does, which they should not, and sometimes it is better this way. Even if a child does not find a way around the spyware, are parents really prepared to know their child’s secrets that are not harmful to themselves, such as sexual activity, although can be harmful in some cases, or sexual orientation? Sometimes it is best to be ignorant. Parents should not go looking for things that if they knew would cause issues in the family tearing them apart. What is the worst that children can get into on the internet? Parents have to understand that their kids are human, and in turn let them be human. They are going to want to try new things, and exploring the internet is probably going to be one of those things. What is so bad about that anyway? It will not corrupt them; nothing â€Å"corrupts† people but other people. It is not the internet doing the corrupting, it is those behind what is being shown and put out there, those that are typing in chat rooms and writing their blogs. It is easy to view kids as possessions, like pets that have to be pampered and hidden from the world, but they are people just the same, and they have to make their own decisions even if they aren’t â€Å"good† ones. A teenager deserves their privacy just as much as anyone, including their parents. I believe that if parents have taught their children well, with morals and the ups and downs of life and the internet, they need to trust that their child has been taught well enough to not misuse the internet and all of its capabilities. Joe Kelly, founder of a national advocacy group called Dads and Daughters, states that â€Å"Markets play on this fear that something horrific is going to happen to your child, when the odds of that are minuscule. It might happen, but to have their whole childhood predicated on this remote possibility is, in the aggregate, even more damaging. â€Å"(Crary) Spyware really undermines all of the trust that the parent and child have with one another. In a survey of 1,006 AOL users, â€Å"74. 2% said they perceived spyware to be a personal threat. (Poston) Spyware is seen as a personal threat to so many citizens because of its demoralizing and disrespectful nature. I would not want it done to me, my parents would not want it done to them, and I do not think teaching children that it is okay to have a spyware on someone else is healthy or just. The choice between installing spyware on a child’s computer or not too, can relate to one another and meet in the middle. In some extreme cases where there is no longer an ounce of trust, spyware should be put on children’s computers to protect them from themselves and others. Although in most cases, spyware is not acceptable because of the harm it does to the relationship between parent and child, and the toll it takes on trust, individualism, and privacy. Parents should have some type of control over their child’s internet usage. Blocking some sites, such as porn or self-harm/suicide related sites, is beneficial and sufficient. Having the computers in the house being put in open areas, such as an office or living room, can also control what children do on the computer because of the fact that they are aware that anybody can walk by and see what is on the screen. There are also parental controls that make it so the internet is only available at the times set up by the parents. Parents that are still uncomfortable with these alternatives could also have a password set up that one would need to log onto the computer, and only the parent would know that password. That way, if a child wants to use the computer, the parent will always know if they are on it. You should also talk to your children about the dangers of the internet so that they recognize suspicious behavior or activity. In order to teach more about internet safety instead of simply trying to avoid it, parents need to â€Å"Discuss the risks of sharing certain types of information (e. g. , they they’re home alone) and the benefits to only communicating and sharing information with people they know. † (Householder) All of these alternative suggestions, used solely or by incorporating them all, is a much more useful tool in monitoring computer and internet usage rather than using a spyware. The alternative to spyware does not damage trust, lets the child have needed amounts of privacy, and yet still lets the reins be in the parent’s hands. Works Cited Coben, Harlan. â€Å"The Undercover Parent. †Ã‚  New York Times  16 Mar. 2008: n. pag. Print. Crary, David. â€Å"USA TODAY. †Ã‚  USATODAY. COM. N. p. , 05 Sept. 20122. Web. 17 Mar. 2013. Fodeman, Doug, and Marje Monroe. â€Å"The Impact Of Facebook On Our Students. †Ã‚  Teacher Librarian  36. 5 (2009): 36-40. Academic Search Premier. Web. 21 Mar. 2013. Freeman, Lee A. , and Andrew Urbaczewski. â€Å"Why Do People Hate Spyware? †Ã‚  Communications Of The ACM  48. 8 (2005): 50-53. Academic Search Premier. Web. 21 Mar. 2013. Householder, Allen, and Mindi McDowell. Security Tip (ST05-002). † Keeping Children Safe Online. US Department of Homeland Security, 16 Feb. 2013. Web. 20 Mar. 2013   Lehman, James. â€Å"Newsletter Signup. †Ã‚  Empowering Parents. N. p. , n. d. Web. 21 Mar. 2013. Poston, Robin, Thomas F. Stafford, and Amy Hennington. â€Å"Software: A View From The (Online) Street. †Ã‚  Communications Of The ACM  48. 8 (2005): 96-99. Academic Search Premier. Web. 21 Mar. 2013. â€Å"Stop Cyber bullying Before It Starts. †Ã‚  NCPC. com. National Crime Prevention Council, n. d. Web. 17 Mar. 2013. How to cite Spyware on Children’s Computers; Regorian Rhetoric, Papers

Business Law Scenario Click Now To Get Solution

Question: Describe about the Scenario of Business Laws? Answer: The issue on the given case is whether Nick can be bound by the contractual term mentioned in the docket and whether the hotel can be held liable for the damage suffered by Nick. Under the common law of contract the general presumption is that when a ticket or a docket has been handed to any person and such a person retains that ticket, then such person is bound by the terms given in the ticket. Further it is immaterial as to whether the person has read the terms or did not notice the terms since the use of the ticket is similar to the signing of the document. In the case of Parker v The South Eastern Railway Co, the Court held that if the recipient of the ticket or docket knew that there was any writing on the ticket and that there were terms in that ticket then the recipient would be bound by the contract. In case the recipient did not know about the terms in the docket the court would consider whether a reasonable man would have known that such terms existed in the ticket. If it is so, then the recipient would be responsible and if it is not so, the court will again look at the general test of reasonable notice given in the ticket. In the case of Olley v Marlborough Court Hotel [1949], the court had given a detailed analysis in cases relating to tickets or dockets. The Court held that in order to exempt any liability of the hotel authorities there are a few things that needs to be satisfied. Firstly, it needs to be verified whether the notice or term given is a part of the contract between the hotel authorities and the recipient. Hence in order to exempt from the liability under the common law the contract needs to be proved very strictly. One more vital element that needs to be proved is the intention to create legal relations or the intention of the parties to be legally bound. One way to prove that there was an intention from both the parties to be legally bound by the terms of the contract is by handling the recipient a legal notice specifying the terms and making him clear that the terms are a part of the contract. In another case Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd [1970], the judge stated that when a ticket is issued and handed over to the recipient it acts an as offer by the company. When the recipient accepts the ticket he agrees to the terms mentioned in the ticket and hence after his acceptance it becomes a contract. While the ticket is handed the recipient has the opportunity to refuse or decline to accept the ticket or ask for money back. Relying on the Australian contract laws and the decisions in the above cases there are two things that need to be considered in the given case. Firstly, the docket given to Nick was handed over to him and not generated through an auto generated machine. Hence when he was handed over the ticket and he accepted the ticket Secondly, Nick had previously visited and hotel and used the car parking services of the hotel. Hence it is quite likely that he would be well acquainted with the rules of car parking in the hotel. Keeping in mind these two conditions Nick will not able to claim for the damage suffered due to the loss of the car. As concluding remarks I would state that the hotel par parking service will be exempted from the liability to compensate for the loss suffered by Nick. References: Carter, John W,Contract Law In Australia(Lexisnexis Orders/service, 2012) Ellinghaus, M. P,Australian Cases On Contract(Code Press, 2007) Gooley, John, Peter Radan and Ilija Vickovich,Principles Of Australian Contract Law(LexisNexis Butterworths, 2007) Olley v Marlborough Court Hotel(1949) 1 KB Parker v The South Eastern Railway Co(1877) 2 CPD Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd[1970] EWCA Civ [1] John W Carter, Contract Law In Australia (Lexisnexis Orders/service, 2012). [2] Parker v The South Eastern Railway Co (1877) 2 CPD.[3] Olley v Marlborough Court Hotel (1949) 1 KB.[4] John Gooley, Peter Radan and Ilija Vickovich, Principles Of Australian Contract Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2007).[5] Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd [1970] EWCA Civ.[6] M. P Ellinghaus, Australian Cases On Contract (Code Press, 2007).

The Art And Science Of Teaching Essay Example For Students

The Art And Science Of Teaching Essay Teaching is considered both an art and a science. The science of teaching includes philosophy, classroom management, methodologies, techniques, and psychology. The art of teaching encompasses those steps or approaches taken in the day to day classroom, in other words, how students are handled. Students working towards the goal of becoming a teacher, especially as a graduate student, may become overwhelmed at times by the amount of information that is presented. One must learn the history of education in the United States, the keys to successful classroom management, determine an educational philosophy, the variety of curriculum, the laws that affect teaching and the list continues. I believe it is difficult to determine where the art aspect of teaching ends and the science aspect begins. While learning more regarding teaching, my favorite quote has become the teacher assists the mind to deliver itself the ideas, knowledge, and understanding. (Adler, n. d. ) We will write a custom essay on The Art And Science Of Teaching specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Back in 1640, the Massachusetts Puritans hired the first American teachers to teach the basic reading, writing, and arithmetic skills that children would need to serve a democratic society. Over the past 360 years, the art of teaching has taken on much greater significance in our society and has become a great deal more challenging. In public school classrooms across the country you find students who are rich, poor, intellectually gifted, intellectually challenged, physically disabled, frightened, confident, inconsiderate, abused, selfish, compassionate, kind and some striving to learn the English language. In these same classrooms you will find teachers who serve as wonderful role models for these children. Teachers who consistently work to find the best in each of their students providing love and encouragement while preparing them academically for life in the 21st century. I believe the most important aspect of the science of teaching is classroom management. I once classified it as disciplinary policies or behavior management that was reserved for putting out the fires in problem situations, or for dealing with problem students. I did not truly understand its meaning nor had I seen it play an active role in my experience, so I just assumed that it was something needed only for students exhibiting behavior problems. I did not know the power and influence of management in the classroom. It is more than something reserved for putting out those fires that arise in the classroom. It is every preventative teaching discussion you have with your students; it is every moment you take an extra look around the classroom; it is every I statement you utter, every procedure reminder, and every physical change you make to the classroom. It is not just reserved for behavior problems nor is it used just for problem students in public school systems. Understanding the philosophical orientations as well as the psychological theories that have influenced teaching philosophies assists in learning the different approaches of teaching. While reviewing these orientations or philosophies it is important to remember that few teachers follow only one educational philosophy (Parkay, 2001). The philosophical orientations include essentialism, existentialism, perennialism progressivism, and social reconstructionism. According to the essentialist theory schools teach students in a systematic and disciplined way a core of essential knowledge and skills, while existentialists believe that students should learn what will enable them to assign meaning to their lives (Parkay, 2001). Progressivism is the believe that education should be based on the interests and needs of students and perennialist thought is that students should learn the principles or great ides that have endured the test of time. The final philosophical theory that influences teaching is social Reconstructionism, which takes the view that teachers and schools should lead in creating the worlds societal problems. There are three major psychological orientations that influence teaching and a teachers philosophy, humanism, behaviorism, and constructivism. Humanism is the theory that all children are good and that their education should focus on personal freed and individual needs. Behaviorism is that of careful control of the educational environment (Parkay, 2001) and using positive or negative reinforcements to get students to behave the correct way. .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb , .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb .postImageUrl , .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb , .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb:hover , .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb:visited , .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb:active { border:0!important; } .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb:active , .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u232a645cc519909fc82b59652309baeb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Homeless EssayThe last theory is constructivism and states that teachers should know and understand their students understanding and realize that learning is active and not passive. I believe that a combination of the three would be the most effective way I could teach. All of these theories are relevant and should be applied accordingly. The art of teaching combines experience and belief. It is a comprehensive collaboration of each persons own educational memories and ideas, which cannot be taught in a textbook. Experienced educators, who know the personal capabilities and developmental level of each student, teach effective lessons. Through continual reflection upon personal experiences and beliefs, professional development, and teaching methods, the teacher can understand how to best serve the academic, social, and emotional needs of students. I believe there are many factors that have helped to build and shape me as a future educator. One must examine your own educational experiences before you are truly able to discover what teaching means to you. I believe the art of teaching is a part of you, what you experienced, what you believe, and how you envision education. Our experiences have one of the most influential effects on what it is we believe and practice. Teaching is more than a job you show up for nine months out of the year. It is a way of life. The art of teaching cannot be taught in a textbook; it is a comprehensive, relative collaboration of your own educational memories and ideas. While there are centralized concepts relating to teaching as an art or science, such as parent/student/teacher relationships, classroom management, or flexible thinking, none of them can be taught. They must be experienced, improved upon, and then practiced. I would like to believe that I could create a school without the hidden rules of social classes and without the outside factors of political memorandum like No Child Left Behind. I would like to believe that a child could receive the individualized education that he/she needs in order to be a successful life long learner. A child should be educated in a school that will not require him/her to take a state test that does not assess true subject knowledge or present the test material in developmentally appropriate ways. I would like to believe that we have come a long enough way in education to realize that the idea no child left behind must come in a different package for each child. If no child is to be left behind, then each one must be guided along, individually beginning from where they are at the current time, to achieve their individual growth. If students are not able to work independently with reading and writing skills, then No Child Left Behind should allow appropriately modified assessments for those students who do not perform at the same level as their peers. Servicing every child so as not to leave them behind must be executed with the sensitivity it requires. I would like to believe that such a classroom could exist. Although it can only exist when teachers are allowed to serve the academic, social, and emotional needs of their students through personal understandings and interactions instead of simply using curriculum programs that do not individualize instruction. I imagine myself creating my own school that would address these sensitive issues, but would also change its physical makeup to provide the best comprehensive educational experience possible for each student. I would schedule the school day with large discovery time blocks that would be book-ended with mini lessons. These discovery blocks would serve as time for integrated, student inquiry-based lessons. The teacher would take the role of facilitator, guiding students after first modeling appropriate behavior or expectations, using a combination of direct instruction, cooperative and/or peer teaching. A summary of the lesson would contain a modeled review or a discussion-based mini lesson. .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d , .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d .postImageUrl , .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d , .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d:hover , .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d:visited , .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d:active { border:0!important; } .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d:active , .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue1d5877f6ee6a9e785fa5c819b267d2d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Andre Malraux and Althussererian Internal Distance EssayThe longer discovery time would allow for a more in-depth study of the material without the constant interruptions of changing subjects or classrooms. The teacher would decide which subject areas would be integrated together each day as every day requires a little different course study than the day before it. As long as each academic area is covered with adequate time, to be determined by the district, then the educator could decide when and how to focus on the different content areas, depending on the preparation and proficiency of their students. As a future educator, my journey is just beginning. To truly understand the art and science of teaching, one must reflect upon what you were taught, what you have experienced, and what you have become empowered to understand. Teaching is a comprehensive, relative collaboration of your own educational memories and ideas, which never rest, never cease, and never stop changing. This life long skill, reminds me to continue personal development, to seek out different or more effective ways to serve the needs of students, and to always remember that experiences have one of the most influential effects on what it is we believe and practice.

An Introduction to Rogerian (Person-Centered) Therapy

An Introduction to Rogerian (Person-Centered) Therapy Rogerian therapy, created by Carl Rogers, is a therapeutic technique in which the client  takes an active, autonomous role in therapy sessions. It is based on the idea that the client knows what is best, and that the therapist’s role is to  facilitate  an environment in which the client can bring about positive change. Rogerian therapy is sometimes called  nondirective  therapy because of the autonomy given to the client. The client, not the therapist, decides what is discussed. As Rogers  explained, â€Å"It is the client who knows what hurts, what directions to go, what problems are crucial, what experiences have been deeply buried.† Overview of Rogerian Therapy Carl Rogers believed that all people have the capability to bring about positive change in their lives. He developed person-centered (or Rogerian) therapy as a technique for giving clients greater autonomy in therapy sessions.  Rogers’ approach to psychotherapy is considered humanistic  because it focuses on individuals positive potential.   In Rogerian therapy, the therapist typically refrains from offering advice or making a formal diagnosis. Instead, the primary role of the therapist is to listen and restate  what the client says. Rogerian therapists try  to refrain from offering their own interpretation of events or from making explicit suggestions about dealing with a situation. For example, if a  client reported feeling stressed about the fact that a coworker was receiving credit for a project the client worked on, the Rogerian therapist  might say, â€Å"So, it sounds like you’re upset because your boss isn’t recognizing your contributions.† In this way, the Rogerian therapist attempts to give the client an environment to explore their own thoughts and feelings and decide for themselves how to bring about positive change. Key Components of Rogerian Therapy According to Rogers, successful psychotherapy  always has  three key components: Empathy. Rogerian therapists attempt to develop  an empathic understanding of their clients thoughts and feelings. When the therapist has an accurate understanding of the client’s thoughts and restates what the client says, the client is able to figure out the meaning of his or her own experiences.Congruence. Rogerian therapists strive for congruence; that is, being self-aware, genuine, and authentic in their interactions with clients.Unconditional positive regard. Rogerian therapists show compassion and acceptance towards the client. The therapist should strive to be nonjudgmental and accept the client non-contingently (in other words, their acceptance of the client doesn’t depend on what the client says or does). Rogers Later Work In 1963, Rogers began working  at the Western Behavioral Sciences Institute in La Jolla, California. Later, he co-founded the Center for Studies of the Person, an organization that is still active today. In California, Rogers worked on applying his ideas outside of traditional therapy settings. For example, he wrote about education in Freedom to Learn: A View of What Education Might Become, published in 1969. Rogers supported student-centered  learning:  an educational atmosphere in which students are able to pursue their interests, rather than passively absorbing a teachers lecture. Rogers also applied his ideas about empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard to political conflicts. He led â€Å"encounter groups† between groups in conflict, in the hope that his therapy techniques could  improve political relationships. He led encounter groups in South Africa during apartheid, and between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland. Rogers’ work earned him praise from Jimmy Carter and a nomination for the  Nobel Peace Prize. Influence of Rogerian Therapy Today Carl Rogers died in 1987, but his work continues  to have an enormous influence on psychotherapists. Many therapists  incorporate elements of client-centered therapy in their practices today, particularly through the  eclectic approach, in which they may combine several types of therapy into one session. Importantly, the essential components of therapy that Rogers put forward (empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard) can be employed by any therapist, regardless of their specific approach to therapy. Today, therapists recognize that an effective relationship between client and therapist (called the therapeutic alliance or therapeutic rapport) is key for successful therapy. Rogerian Therapy Key Takeaways Carl Rogers developed a form of psychotherapy called client-centered therapy, or person-centered therapy.In client-centered therapy, the client leads the therapy session, and the therapist serves as a facilitator, often restating  back what the client has said.The therapist strives to have an empathic understanding of the client, have congruence (or authenticity) in the therapy session, and communicate unconditional positive regard for the client.Outside of psychology, Rogers  applied his ideas to the areas of education and international conflict. Sources â€Å"Carl Rogers (1902-1987).† GoodTherapy.org (2015, July 6). https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/carl-rogers.htmlâ€Å"Client-Centered Therapy.† Harvard Health Publishing: Harvard Mental Health Letter (2006, Jan.). https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/Client-centered_therapyJoseph, Stephen. â€Å"Why Carl Rogers Person-Centered Approach Is Still Relevant.† Psychology Today Blog (2018, Apr. 15). https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/what-doesnt-kill-us/201804/why-carl-rogers-person-centered-approach-is-still-relevantKirschenbaum, Howard. â€Å"Carl Rogerss Life and Work: An Assessment on the 100th Anniversary of His Birth.† Journal of Counseling Development 82.1 (2004): 116-124. http://potentiality.org/drjwilcoxson/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/Person-Centered-theory-Carl-Rogers-100-yerars-Literature-Review-2.pdfâ€Å"Person-Centered Therapy.† Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapy-types/person-cente red-therapyâ€Å"Person-Centered Therapy (Rogerian Therapy).† GoodTherapy.org (2018, Jan. 17). https://www.goodtherapy.org/learn-about-therapy/types/person-centered Rogers, Carl R. â€Å"The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change.† Journal of Consulting Psychology  21.2 (1957): 95-103. http://docshare02.docshare.tips/files/7595/75954550.pdfSarkis, Stephanie. â€Å"6 Amazing Things Carl Rogers Gave Us.† Psychology Today Blog (2011, Jan. 8). https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/here-there-and-everywhere/201101/6-amazing-things-carl-rogers-gave-us

Byzantine vs. Roman Empire Essay Example for Free

Byzantine vs. Roman Empire Essay The Byzantine Empire actually ruled under the Roman Empire until Its demise In AD 476. Both of these empires were located near the Mediterranean Sea and both had a written set of laws. Emperor contanune the First converted to chrlstlanlty after ordering his soldiers to put a cross on their shields and then being victorious in battle. After his conversion, he united the military power of Rome with the young Roman Catholic Church. Because of this union he was able to conquer much of the known world at he time. In the Byzantine Empire, Christianity and the differing ideas about it caused great conflict. When the idea of religious icons came about, Emperor Leo Ill created Iconoclasm, which permitted the smashing of these religious icons. The events following the creation of Iconoclasm showed how distant the church was from the government. Eventually the quarrel led to the separation of the Catholic Church from the Eastern Christian Church, known as the Great Schism. This resulted in the Orthodox Church. Despite the differences in the effects that Christianity had on each Empire, it is clear that in both societies, religion was always in opposition with the government. There were many factors that led to the decline of both the Roman and the Byzantine Empires. In Rome, the empire simply became too large. They had to resort to using mercenaries to defend their excess land, but they often rebelled against the government. The separation of the empire into east and west also proved to be detrimental to the empire. The western side, the Romans, was defeated by Germanic barbarians who unseated their last emperor, a 14 year old boy, In AD 476. Although the Eastern Roman Empire, Byzantium, survived for another 1,000 years, Its Inevitable demise came about through the arrival of the Bubonic Plague, which was only the first crisis that moved the empire towards collapse. Byzantium was also constantly faced with military challenges from outside Invaders, and the Great Schism eliminated any possibility of outside help. The Byzantines used a multitude of tactics to try to keep enemies away, but the empire eventually fell to the Ottoman Turks In 1453. Both the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire held an alarming amount of xternal enemies, which undoubtedly was crucial In the demise of the empires; however It was mainly Internal conflicts that destroyed both empires. Justinian ended up winning back a large part of the territory Ancient Rome had ruled at i ts height, including Italy and parts ot Spain and Nort Roman and the Byzantine Empires differed in a multitude of ways despite their direct link to each other, they were also similar in their location, their religious opposition to the government, and their severe internal problems. Byzantine vs. Roman Empire. (2018, Oct 18).

Aritzia Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aritzia - Statistics Project Example Spring and autumn prove to a host the country’s best weather. However, the geography of England means that the weather can change in short distances (Woodlands, 2014). The surrounding sea gives England a varied climate but generally there are warm summers but they are cooler than those on the continent. The winters are also milder and do not go below 0 degree centigrade frequently. The summer temperature is around 32 degrees and is often damp and subject to frequent changes. The warmest month in England is July and around the coastal area, February is normally the coldest month (Woodlands, 2014). These conditions can greatly affect the product range which should be present at Aritzia. This means that the range of jackets and sweaters must not be too heavy duty. Really warm fur or fleece lined jackets and sweaters would not be suitable for the generally mild winters. Warm woolen ranges should suffice for the winters in the United Kingdom. Their category of blouses, dresses, jeans, t-shirts and jumpsuits etc. should be extensive and not made of cloth that is too warm. Seeing the damp and summery conditions, their clothing line should include clothes made of material that breathes and is suitable for the mild hot and damn summers. To make full use of the brand equity of Aritzia and to successfully compete with the competition, it will be necessary to set up a local subsidiary in the United Kingdom. Aritzia is a Canadian women’s fashion boutique that was started in Vancouver in 1984. It has stores in North America including Seattle, San Francisco, Toronto, Chicago and New York (Aritzia, 2014). It is a brand endorsed by many celebrities including Megan Fox, Emma Stone and Eva Mendes (Fashion Base, 2014). Hence in order to make full use of this brand equity, it is necessary to have full brand presence in the country and not rely on joint ventures of sales agents which might

Civil war Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil war - Case Study Example Q1. The scramble for Africa incorporated the entrance of African slave traders into African interior. The countries that were primary colonizers of Africa included the French and the British. Enlightenment, new science, and industrial revolution influenced Europeans regard for Africa by the superior military in machine guns and a colony of boundaries drawn in the exploitation of tribal, religious and linguistic differences. Q1. The significance of Haitian revolution is that it became the second republic in W. Hemisphere. Haitian constitution of 1801 reflects enlightenment by Article 29, which states in future each governor names after five years and allowed to continue after every five years if overseen by the proper administration. On the other hand, it does not reflect the enlightenment through since Article 5 does not exist distinctions other than those based on virtues and talents (Carnes 15). Q2. The significance of Monroe Doctrine 1823 was the assortment if itself as the dominant force in Western Hemisphere. Roosevelt Corollary 1904 significance was financial involvement in Central and South American countries facing economic and political

Principles for implementing duty of care in health, social care Essay Example for Free

Principles for implementing duty of care in health, social care Essay Describe how to respond to complaints Responding to complaints, whether made by a parent or a staff colleague, you should always keep professional and listen to what the person has to say. You should keep calm and by being respectful and apologising when necessary which helps to diffuse potential conflict. Complaints need to be resolved as quickly as possible and constructively to avoid creating a bad atmosphere for all those involved. When responding to a complaint, it is important to listen to the other person’s point of view. You should avoid making personal comments and focus on the facts throughout. Always apologise if you are wrong and explain how you will resolve the situation. Explain the main points of agreed procedures for handing complaints If a member of staff or a parent wishes to make a complaint they should discuss their complaint with the setting leader first where most complaints can be resolved quickly. If the parent or member of staff is not happy with the outcome they should then put their complaint in writing to the setting leader who can then pass the details onto the owner or chairperson of a committee run setting. The setting will look into the complaint and once they have come to a conclusion the setting leader can arrange a meeting with the person who made the complaint to discuss the outcome. If the person is still not happy with the outcome they can ask for a further meeting with the setting leader and the owner or chairperson where they can also invite a representative. They can then all meet up to try and come to a conclusion. Everything at this meeting will be noted and recorded. If the complaint can still not be resolved at this meeting then a further meeting can be made where an external mediator is invited. The external mediator will then investigate the complaint and then arrange a meeting for all parties to settle the complaint. A record of the meeting will be made which will discuss any decisions that have been made. Everyone that attends the meeting will need to sign the record and will get a copy of all the notes. This signed record should conclude the complaint. Parents are entitled to contact Ofsted throughout any stage of the complaints procedure. The telephone number of Ofsted will be on the settings complaints procedure.

Essay --

David Kim Physics Lab 1 02/11/14 Section: A1 Introduction In Experiment 1, the objective was to weigh 150 pennies and find the best estimate value and the uncertainties for the weight of the pennies. Instrument uncertainty is the least value that can be read from the measuring device. It is always less than or equal to the least count. The least count is the smallest division that can be marked or shown from a certain instrument. The instrument uncertainty is equal to the least count in this experiment. Random errors are simply mistakes that are made due to the instrument being used or the measured object being poorly defined. The total uncertainty of a measurement is calculated by using the instrument uncertainty and the uncertainty due to fluctuation. Uncertainty due to fluctuation is dependent on the average and the total amount of times there was a measurement. This average is found when:  ¯x= 1/N (x_1+x_2+ †¦+ x_n ) N is the total number of measurements, x1 is the first measurement, x2 is the second measurement, and xn is the last measurement. The uncertainty due to fluctuation is found by: ∆x_fl= ÏÆ'_x/√N ÏÆ'_x is the standard deviation of the mean and N is the total number of measurements. Standard deviation can be found by: ÏÆ'_x= √((d_1^2+ d_2^2+ †¦+ d_N^2)/(N-1)) Where d_n(the derivative) is found by: d_n=x_n- x Ì… This in words is: the measurement of the nth term subtracted by the mean. Total uncertainty is found by: ∆x= √(∆x_ins^2+ ∆x_fl^2 ) Where ∆x_ins is the instrument uncertainty and ∆x_fl is the uncertainty due to fluctuation. Initial Data Part A1: Instrument Uncertainty Quiz Student has passed the test The following answers were entered for the digital device # 2: Units g Least count 0.1000 I... ...ould have to take around 300 measurements so that the results would be accurate and precise to the expected value of 100. In part B of the experiment, the standard mass of the penny between 1941 and 1982 was 3.100 g; and between 1983 and 2011, the standard mass was 2.500 g. The standard mass of the penny changed between 1982 and 1983. The mass was decreased by .600 g. Pennies lose or gain weight in circulation because most of the pennies were not 2.5 or 3.1 grams on the dot. The possible rust or erosion from the time it was in circulation helps to describe the range that the mass of the pennies had. In general, most of the measurements were accurate compared to the expected value. The measurements on the most part were accurate. However for the outliers, the rust and the erosion to the penny can describe the mass being significantly higher or lower.

Outlook Towards Maintenance of Liquid Assets to Ensure

How to maintenance of liquid assets to ensure frm has adequate cash? Asking the above-referenced question without statistics makes it impossible for anyone to give you a proper answer. Generally speaking, you must limit expenses and ensure that some of your assets are in the form of short term assets. The higher your short term assets and the less your short term debt, the better your ability to pay the debt (short term liquidity ratio / liquidity ratio help you determine this). There is no perfect number or ratio for every firm. Each industry/business is unique.Strive to control debt (some debt is very good since it helps a business grow) and to maintain enough assets in the form of cash and cash equivalents Companies (Acceptance of Deposits) Rules, 1975 Maintenance of liquid assets (1) Every company shall, before the 30th day of April of each year, deposit or invest, as the case may be, a sum which shall not be less than 23[fifteen per cent] of the amount of its deposits maturing d uring the year ending on the 31st day of March next following in any one or more of the following methods, namely: a) in a current or other deposit account with any scheduled bank, free charge of lien; (b) in unencumbered securities of the Central Government or of any State Government; (c) in unencumbered securities mentioned in clauses (a) to (d) and (ee) of section 20 of the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 (2 of 1882); 24[(d) in unencumbered bonds issued by the Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited, Bombay, a company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), and notified under clause (f) of section 20 of the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 (2 of 1882)]: 5[Provided that with relation to the deposits maturing during the year ending on the 31st day of March, 1979, the sum required to be deposited or invested under this sub-rule shall be deposited or invested before the 26[30th day of September, 1978]. ] Explanation. – For the purpose of this sub-rule, the securities re ferred to in clause (b) or clause (c) shall be reckoned at their market value. 2) The amount deposited or invested, as the case may be, under sub-rule (1), shall not be utilized for any purpose other than for the repayment of deposits maturing during the year referred to in that sub-rule, provided that the amount remaining deposited or invested, as the case may be, shall not at any time fall below 23[fifteen per cent] of the amount of deposits maturing until the 31st day of March of that year. ] Maintainence of Liquidity in Business One of the principal aims of a Manager is the maintenance of liquid assets.Maintenance of liquid assets connotes that the firm always has enough cash in hand to pay for – 1. Recurring Expenses 2. To make unexpected large purchases 3. To meet emergencies at all times The best way to maintain a cash flow is to prevent overdue accounts and avert a blockage in the inflow of income. The ideal way to do this would be avoiding doing business with custome rs who have proven bad credit histories however, on the other hand rigid customer policies limiting the firms business with companies having only irreproachable credit records would deplete the firm's pool of potential customers.With the Management looking at expanding the business it becomes necessary to do business with most people who want to do business with you. The reality of a growing business is that the biggest and best clients also want sufficient billing period and then ask for two months time for making payments. Here is where the Manager is caught between two horns. While the firm does not want to lose clients or destroy any potential or established business relationships by laying down harsh payment terms, it is also necessary for the Manager to take some control of accounts receivable to avoid causing chaos with the cash flow.Expansion of business requires extension of credit and when a firm extends credit, it is in effect loaning customers money, which in turn affect s liquidity as any company wants to be reasonably sure that the money will be paid back. The primary step towards maintenance of liquid assets therefore commences with verification of ‘customer credit worthiness’. Certain steps can be taken to check whether the customer is good enough on his payments- 1. Check each company’s credit history before extending credit. 2. Check how long the company has been in business. 3. Obtain Credit Reports as they show historical payment data; bankruptcy records; any

Kilauea Volcano

Located in the Pacific Ocean, Hawaii and the Hawaiian Islands are the cone-shaped tops of gigantic ocean volcanoes. Located in the southeast region of the Island of Hawaii, Kilauea sits on the flank (or the side) of the active Mauna Loa volcano, and is one of five shield volcanoes that together form the Island of Hawaii. Kilauea is one of the most active volcanoes on Earth, and it is the youngest. Kilauea stands just under 4,200 feet tall above sea level at its highest point. The staff of the U. S. Geological Survey at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory currently lists Kilauea’s Volcano Alert Level as watch  and its Aviation Color Code as orange. Kilauea is studied and constantly monitored because of its continuous lava flow. Kilauea is a broad shield volcano which is a gently sloping mountain made from a large number of usually very fluid lava flows. It is also locally interbedded with deposits of explosive eruptions. Eruptions at Kilauea happen mainly either from the summit caldera or along either of two long rift zones (East and Southwest) that extend from the caldera and run approximately parallel to the coastline and extend to the sea on both sides. Rift zones are fractured zones of weakness within the volcano. The Southwest rift zone is very active and has a desert effect. The crater located at this rift is called Pu’u ‘O’o; the East rift zone is called the Kupaianaha crater. Steam and sulfur vents can be seen and smelt in different areas on Kilauea. The surface of Kilauea is about 90% lava flow less than 1,100 years old, and 70% of the surface is younger than 600 years. The Kilauea summit caldera is about two miles wide and more than three miles long. A caldera is the actual caving in of the top of the mountain. The summit caldera houses the crater. The high summit of Kilauea is caused by more frequent eruptions than other locations on the volcano. The crater is the main vent inside the caldera, the opening through which lava flows. Eruptions from Kilauea are known for creating volcanic smog (vog). This smog affects many areas of the Hawaiian Islands, including Oahu and Honolulu whenever winds come out of the south or southeast. The estimated age of the earliest above ground (subaerial) eruptions of Kilauea is between 50,000-100,000 years. The last eruption began on January 3, 1983 to the present. During this time, the lava flows have unfortunately caused destruction of nearly 200 houses, resurfaced over 13km of highway with lava, destroyed the National Park visitor center, and a 700 year-old Hawaiian Temple. It has also added new coastline to the island. There are no signs that the current eruption is slowing or will end anytime soon. Kilauea has little vegetation. Kilauea has the volcano status of Historical. Kilauea has had 61 historical eruptions, not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in the crater. The oldest dated rocks from Kilauea are 23,000 years old. The Island of Hawaii sits on (almost in the middle of) the Pacific Plate. The Pacific Plate is a giant jigsaw piece of the Earth’s crust that is slowly moving in a northwesterly direction. It moves about four inches a year. There is a basically stationary hot spot deep within the Earth’s mantle. Heat from this hot spot makes molten lava and rock (magma) that rises through the Pacific Plate and erupts continuously on the ocean floor. After thousands of eruptions and over many many years, an island forms a rocky mass above sea level. It is estimated that Kilauea began to form about 300,000-600,000 years ago, and has been active ever since. Kilauea rose above the surface of the sea as an island approximately 50,000-100,000 years ago. Through geologic studies of surface exposures and drillhole samples, it is known that Kilauea is made mostly of lava flows. Research over the past few decades shows that Kilauea has its own magma-plumbing system, extending to the surface from more than 60km deep in the Earth. On an average day, Kilauea puts out several hundred thousand cubic yards of lava. It also causes frequent earthquakes, but many of them are small enough that only a few people feel them. In Hawaiian the word Kilauea means â€Å"spewing† or â€Å"much spreading†, referring to the continuous lava flow. Kilauea is the home of Pele, the Hawaiian fire and volcano goddess. Several special lava formations are named after Pele. Pele’s Tears are small droplets of lava that cool in the air and keep their teardrop shapes. They are jet black in color. Pele’s Hair are thin, brittle strands of volcanic glass that often form during the explosions that occur with a lava flow, usually from lava fountains. Kilauea Crater is part of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Kilauea is the Earth’s most visited active volcano. Unlike most other active volcanoes, Kilauea is approachable, is world-famous, and has been called the â€Å"drive-up† volcano because of the easy access to many of its areas of volcanic activity, especially the summit caldera. I wanted my landform to be in the USA! I chose Kilauea because it is in Hawaii, and one of the most active volcanoes in the world. I thought it would be cool to research.

Analysis of the Reasoning of the Declaration of Independence essays

Analysis of the Reasoning of the Declaration of Independence essays Jefferson gives evidence of Englands disregard of our rights and the destruction of our government. Throughout the Declaration Jefferson states clear and reasoned facts as to why we should have our independence from England. One of Jeffersons main arguments was that all men are created equal. By this he meant that every pe3rson, either rich or poor, had the same God given rights as any other person. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. Basically, this means that the King refused to pass laws for the people unless they gave up their right of representation. In summation to the argument that all men are created equal Jefferson also said that we should be able to form our own government. It also says that if this government abuses its power, the people have the right to abolish it. We had established a judiciary system but it was weak because the King would tell the judges how to pass sentence, if they disobeyed him, he would decrease their salaries. The Declaration clearly shows this when it says, He has made our judges dependent on his will alone...the amount and payment of their salaries. He would also obstruct the passing of laws. He has suffered the administration of justice totally to cease in some of these states refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. Moreover, one of Jeffersons biggest arguments was that of liberty. While America was under the rule of England we had no liberty. There were guards and soldiers stationed in houses and offices in all the colonies. He has erected a multitude of new offices, by a self-assumed power and sent hither swarms of new officers to harass our people and eat out the...

Hong Kong's Hospitality Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hong Kong's Hospitality Industry - Assignment Example In a recent forum of human resource professional bodies of Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore, in Malaysia, participants were unanimous in their view that Job hopping had became so rampant in these countries that it had become a culture (Asia-pacific management news, 1997). The hospitality industry in Hong Kong registered strong rebound during the year 2005. Visitors from America and Europe, Africa and Middle East grew 15.1% and 25.6% respectively. Growth rate of visitors from Australia, Newzeland and South Pacific was even higher at 31.8%. Visitors from North Asia, South and South East Asia increased 19.9% and 21.4% respectively (Hong Kong Hotels Association ED review, 2004-05). Based on the data provided by the Hong Kong office of China National Tourism Administration, China outbound Travelers reached 28 million in 2004 in which 12.25 million visited Hong Kong i.e., 43.75%. Hong Kong continues to be the single largest outbound destination for Chinese travelers also. In this way the hospitality industry in Hong Kong is passing through boom period. One of the biggest challenges the hospitality industry of Hong Kong is facing today, the rapidly grow... Based on the data provided by the Hong Kong office of China National Tourism Administration, China outbound Travelers reached 28 million in 2004 in which 12.25 million visited Hong Kong i.e., 43.75%. Hong Kong continues to be the single largest outbound destination for Chinese travelers also. In this way the hospitality industry in Hong Kong is passing through boom period.One of the biggest challenges the hospitality industry of Hong Kong is facing today, the rapidly growing demand for more hotel staff and acute shortage of manpower and talent. Higher staff turnover and the difficulty in retaining staff is primarily affecting the stability of the industry and high service standards. There are paucity of studies and researches regarding employees' turnover and lack of findings in terms of employees' interests and expectations. The economy i.e., the most common reasons given for leaving is the availability of higher paying jobs. In a better economy the availability of alternative jobs plays detrimental role in turnover but this tends to be over stated. The performance of the organization, the organizational culture, the characteristic of a job, unrealistic expectations, demographics and the person himself can be the reasons for higher turnover. It is important to note that the factors, which have been listed above, can be classified as being within or beyond the control of the employing organization. In order to actively participate in reducing costs associated with turnover, organizations need to identify those factors over which they do have some control and initiate necessary changes to reduce turnover attributable to these controllable factors. Therefore, the present study is planned and

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Philosophy - Essay Example Considering my position, I may consider soul to be the ultimate manner of allowing a person to be somewhat same throughout life. The first explanation is somewhat the most common where a person is shown to have a childhood. But it should be noted that this respective person has grown up over the years. This means that the person is not the same anymore. Thus, this clarifies that one cannot be same over the years if experience of living is the manner to claim difference of personality and identity. Secondly, the physical features are also marked to define a person’s identity throughout life but as a matter of fact, even the physical features would change with the passing of years. Thus, even this explanation regarding self proves to e unacceptable. Furthermore, it is the DNA which provides further definition to the concept of being you and sameness of you throughout life. In conjunction to this, it is evident that twins may have same DNA. It is due to this reason that DNA is an other unacceptable definition to this question. As noted by the author, â€Å"The mystery of personal identity is figuring out how we can solve both the problem of difference and the problem of sameness† (Hales 151). ... This clearly means that a person who is unconscious is a person without soul. The critique to my position as per the author is that one cannot simply rely on psychological state of a person, as mind-body relationship reacts to it, can be a way to explain the identity of a person because it may change over the time. As noted in the book, â€Å"Nowadays people sometimes equate their soul with their personality, or use soul to refer to the ethical faculty of the mind. Thus a conscious-less psychopath might be called soulless† (Hales 157). Thus, it is extremely important to provide such a statement by undergoing psychological criterion making soul=mind to be ineligible. II. Likewise Hales, I would like to comment for this question. The aspect of knowledge is somewhat blurred in the minds of people. There is a way to spread knowledge which is impartation done by the educational institutions. The criterion of knowledge which is basically being provided in such a manner is mere repea tedly ratified facts and figures which have been gained by experiences and Methodism (Turnbull, Trnbull and Shogren). However, the fact remains that this knowledge which was gained later on, was once used to be incorrect. The measure and acceptance of any fact which is regarded as knowledge, is done in the manner of claimed including true or false. This means that previously it was the fact which was considered to be superficial. I would like to connect this idea with the dialogue from the movie Men in Black which has also been used in the textbook considered for this assignment. It is as follows, â€Å"1500 years ago everybody ‘knew’ the Earth was the center of the universe. 500 years ago everybody ‘knew’ the Earth was at. And 15 minutes ago

Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now - Essay Example Both the works tend to depict the way civilization finds itself alienated in the wilderness. In broad terms, the main similarity between the works is seen in the way the so-called civilized people have got an uncivilized primitive in them that comes out when they reach the wilderness even for a short period of time. For example, in the Heart of Darkness, Marlow first sees the shores of Africa with a sense of fear and dislike. As Marlow travels into the jungle, he develops the feeling that he was getting savage. Thus, as Kesselring states, one gets the idea that the man still possesses the primordial urge to be the same barbaric humans of the jungle; for example, Marlow describes a Kurtz who is free from any restraints, and who unleashes his primordial urge to kill and to enjoy total freedom. There Marlow sees a large number of heads displayed on posts that shows the kind of primitive life Kurtz lived (24-25). Here, it is worth trying to identify the reason behind the madness of both the Kurtz, and there comes the startling realization that it is the result of their inability to come into terms with the native culture and lifestyle. For example, in the movie, one can see a Kurtz telling Willard about the Special Forces going into the village inoculating the children for polio, followed by the visit of communists who cut children’s inoculated hands off. This basic and barbaric wilderness makes Kurtz insane, and soon, he becomes a savage himself. In total, one can say that in both the cases, there is the tendency to show that the European-African and American-Vietnam conflicts symbolize the conflict between the civilized and the savage. In both the cases, there is the realization that civilization is the result of the complex web of rules, regulations and codes of conduct that the modern societies have developed. In addition is the acceptance that there is a savage in every civilized human being. Thirdly, in

Market Structure Analysis and Appliance for the Stables in the Urban Case Study

Market Structure Analysis and Appliance for the Stables in the Urban Area of Des Moines, Iowa, USA - Case Study Example When considering the customer base for the stables, the horse owners seeking boarding for their horses are considered as important and basic customers. The ideal location for the stables is outskirts of the city. In that aspect the stables located down town of Des Moines of Iowa are in an ideal location. The demand for horse boarding services depends on the number of horses in the city. The desire of the owners to participate in horse related competitions plays an important role in creating the market for stables. The first aspect that increases business is the high income level of the customers. The next one is attracting high income groups towards horse competition related activities. One more aspect that needs consideration is buying and maintaining a horse. This is a luxury. So the economic decline if any is capable of reducing demand for horse boarding services and other operations. The stables can flourish by gaining the share in the market by providing services at reasonable p rices. They have to provide a good location regarding the facilities provided for horses. The horse stable business requires a considerable investment of time for planning to develop and market the operations of the firm. The ability to sell the services should be concentrated on high income individuals. Thus the horse boarding and offering of other services needs a patient approach. The individuals or a group that wants to develop a stable must follow the zoning and building ordinances governed by local municipality. The three stables down town Des Moines have satisfied the regulatory conditions of Des Moines Municipal Corporation. (Dean Dyck, p. 1) 4. Market Profile The assessment of market potential is crucial for marketing activities of a boarding stable enterprise like Irish Run Firm. The number of potential customers in Des Moines can be termed substantial as there are very few vacancies in the stalls of the stables. The services like training the horses and owners by giving them lessons should be provided in the right location. The firms considered here are satisfying that criteria. All the three firms; Irish Run Firms, Hunters Glen and Valley Park Stables are

The Importance of Audit Independence

The Importance of Audit Independence 1. Introduction As the development of the modern business, audit is playing a more and more important role to insure the trueness of the financial report and help report users to make proper decisions. Consequently, it is very important for auditors to remain independence in body and mind when conducting an audit based on a public limited company. To expound this topic clearly, the essay is divided into the following parts: Firstly, it makes a literature review of audit independence and concluded the viewpoint into four categories; secondly, it introduces the definition of audit independence in body and mind and stated the important of both of them separately; Finally, it analyzes why it is important to remain audit independence from many angles such as shareholders, creditors, government, operators and other stakeholders. 2. Literature review When it comes to the audit independence, many scholars have conducted systematic research in this topic. Some scholars pointed out that auditor has two kinds of independence- body and mind, lack of the former one may shake the publics confidence on independence and lead to interest conflicts, and lack of the latter one means auditors lose their professional ethics and this is very dangerous (Carmichael Swieringa, 1968). Salehi have emphasized that the cornerstone for the auditing profession is audit independence. The auditors opinion is suspect without independence and the third parties think that there is no need for external auditors without independence (Salehi, 2009). Due to highly publicized audit failures, the topic of auditor independence has gained increasing attention from academics, regulators, and practitioners around the world in recent years (Hope Langli, 2008). Under the background of many high profile companies fraud cases exposure such as Enron, Adelphia, WorldCom, the importance of audit independence to improve corporate governance is getting more and more attention (Rezaee. 2003). As the no-audit services has become a more and more important lucrative business for CFA firms, audit independence is somewhat influenced, which make it even more crucial to maintain audit independence for auditors (Gul, Tsui Dhaliwal, 2006). Besides, Bou-Raad G. emphasized the significance of audit importance from the value -added prospect. Internal auditors are not just a traditional audit for supervision but also a valuable access to assisting managers to execute the objectives of the organization. In other words, corporate management benefits from audit quality (Bou-Raad. 2000). From the literature above, the importance of audit independence can be categorized into four reasons: Firstly, audit independence can hold the public confidence and avoid interest conflicts; Secondly, audit independence can help auditors to provide high quality financial report and avoid scandals like Enron bomb; Thirdly, the development of no-audit services make it more difficult but more important to maintain audit independence; Lastly, audit independence can improve the quality of audit and it can assist managers to make strategy formulations. 3. The introduction of audit independence in body and mind When it comes to remaining independence in body, it can be also called physical independence, external independence or surface independence. Auditors should take the role of independence auditors on front of the third parties. And it is the direct evidence for the public judging the independence of auditors. Once report users think that auditors have some current or potential relationship that damages the independence with the consigner such as employment, business partner, family or relatives and so on, it will definitely decrease the audit function as they probably do not depend on those reports so much (Law, 2010). Auditors should have no specific relationships with entity, and they mustnt hold equity stakes of the entity and should not be on the senior position of it. In order to avoid misunderstanding and enhance the trust, auditor must avoid or diminish this threat to a level which is acceptable. Independence in mind is hard to improve and the public can only infer the independ ence of auditors from the body like relationships with the entity and other stakeholders. Actually, even if auditors maintain independence in mind, as long as the public think they take sides with the entity or any other parties, no matter how precise the audit result is it is useless. As for remaining independence in mind, it demands that there is no stake between auditor and the consigner intrinsically. In the whole auditing process, auditor should keep an unbiased attitude that makes a professional decision and never succumbs to any external pressure. It comes up with higher requirement for auditors mindset. They are required to be neutral, objective and fact-based. Actually, those two concepts are different but integrative. They reflect both external and internal sides. Only remaining independence in body and mind can make sure the auditing result persuasive. Also, the function and value of conducting audit can be realized. 4. The importance of remaining audit independence Stakeholders make economy decisions by taking advantage of reports. Whether those reports are related and reliable are questions. Audit can help to solve this problem. However, auditor fails to fulfill the duty if they cannot remain independence in the conducting process. On one hand, report users will doubt this kind of dependence if they thought auditor and consigner belong to the same party. On the other hand, when auditor cannot keep an unbiased mindset, the auditing opinion probably gets wrong. For example, auditor fails to find out the information is cooked and issues unqualified opinion. This result is easy to mislead related report users for decision making. They may bear loss because of depending on this audit opinion. As the situation varies from Stakeholder to Stakeholder, the following analysis in the importance to remain independence in body and mind is based on different Stakeholders. 4.1 The importance of audit independence for the shareholders Shareholders are the direct beneficiary of companies and they will get more bonuses if the companies operate successfully. Consequently, shareholders have high demand for audit independence. Actually, when the company is in poor operation, controlling shareholders are not willing to public the truth, and then hurt the interest of minority shareholders. Controlling shareholders dont have the incentive to employ high independence auditors, and this phenomenon is called Entrenchment Effect (Fan Wong, 2002). As the shareholders right separates from the management right, owners do not involve into the daily management to the company. They employ staff to operate their company and enjoy the profits. Usually, shareholders care much about the profitability, efficiency, going concern, and solvency and so on. Those indexes reflect how well manager operates the company. Also, shareholders can assess managers performance according to the information. Generally speaking, they obtain the information from the reports prepared by managers. However, the report may involve fraudulence because it is manager who makes those reports. It has the possibility that managers cook the report so as to cover up their mistakes, bad performance and other situation where they fail to fulfill their responsibility. At this time, auditors work helps answer the question that how much report users can depend on the report information. But if auditor is unable to keep independence, it probably arouses the doubt to audit opinion from report users. Obviously, audit loses the value under this condition. Without unbiased and objective audit opinion, report users are unable to acquire useful information to know the companys condition and assess managers performance. Once shareholders lose control to the company, this business mechanism will definitely go disorder as managers probably make their own benefits by taking advantage of shareholders resource and power and regardless of the limitation from regulation and law (Agbejule, 2009). In the end, the company probably goes to liquidation or bankruptcy. 4.2 The importance of audit independence for creditor Nowadays, debtor-creditor relationshipÂÂ  is very common and necessary. Debtors want to loan in order to expend production or develop new market, and creditors want to obtain interest using their spare money. And what the creditors concern most is the debtors ability to pay for the debt. The debtors financial reports can offer some information such as some ratios which can reveal the debt paying ability. And if the company has a bad financial result, creditors can consider calling in a loan ahead of the expiry day to insure their money is safe. However, those reports are made by the debtor. Therefore, creditors may raise the doubt whether there exists the possibility that debtor offer false information to diddle money or conceal the fact that they have no ability to pay that money back. At this time, auditors work can eliminate or alleviate this doubt. However, audit cant work out if auditor were unable to remain independence when conducting the audit. Creditors are likely to ma ke a wrong decision due to the failed audit opinion. When creditor lends money to unqualified debtor, it probably bears a lot of bad accounts and toxic asset as consequence (Siddiqui, 2002). Consequently, audit independence which can help to provide true financial reports is very crucial to creditors. 4.3 The importance of audit independence to government As a company operates within one country, it uses the infrastructure construction and investment environment offered by the government. It should take on tax responsibility. The financial statement provided by companies is the evidence for government to decide whether levy or not and how many to levy. For example, business tax is based on the gross income of the company which can be found on the income statement. And the income tax is based on the profit also from income statement. If company cooks the financial reports in order to save tax cost, the government will be suffered directly. Therefore, government will conduct audit in case of tax evasion. Moreover, lacking of audit independence would influence government indirectly. If auditors provided fake financial reports, the pubic will be suffered. They will have less confidence on the trueness of the operation of the company, and the stakeholders will feel betrayed. If their interests are impaired, conflicts would emerge, and it is bad for the stability of the society. That is why the government published the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act after the Enron Bomb. 4.4 The importance of audit independence for operator Many people may misunderstand that auditor is enemy to operator referring to manager in this essay and the existence of audit is a stone in the way. This idea is partial and shallow. The role of audit plays is to increase the dependence to the information and check whether the whole business activities are in accordance with the regulation. To some degree, it serves to obtain superior management (Shih, 2006). Sometimes, auditors will come up with solutions to the existing management problems. For example, the internal control has leak which may incur situation where damages the whole benefits of company. Going details, the design of regulation may give a chance for embezzlement. Or auditor finds out some staff goes against regulation. Cases like that should call managers attention for better management. If auditor cannot keep independence when conducting audit, it will pose the threat to the company such as damage the company benefits. For example, the auditor is a brother to the cas hier. When this auditor conducts audit to cash, he cant remain independence or his independence has been affected. He may conceal the fact if the cashier had some guilt and issues unqualified opinion (Fadzil, 2005). Because of this opinion, managers cant notice this threat. It may have a bad effect on their working performance and company development. 4.5 The importance of audit independence for the other stakeholders The existence of a company has to bear many responsibilities. Therefore, the stakeholders can never be limited to the above mention. When a company becomes a listed company namely a public limited company, it has to fulfill more duties to the society and accept more supervision from the public. It raises fund by stock shares. Its public investors sell or buy the shares in the stock exchange, and their decision usually relies in the financial reports. However, those reports perhaps cannot reflect the financial position and income condition. Audit opinion is very important in their decision making process. If auditor could not remain independence, the audit opinion will mislead the users. Investors will lose money if they invested a loss company. For example, the collapse of Enron results from the accounting firm Andersen failed to remain independence. In the end, the share price cannot reflect the value of the company (Abbott, 2000). Stock market will go wrong and the economy will fal l apart. 5. Conclusions The most important responsibility for auditors is to provide high quality financial report which can help report users to make right decisions. The authenticity and reliability of the financial report is very crucial because it directly decides the strategies of stakeholders. The trueness of financial report which is also the quality of audit is decided by two factors: professional competence of auditors and audit independence, and the latter is more important. Audit failures caused by lack of audit independence have led to many companies fraud cases. Audit independence is also the need of shareholders, creditors, government, operators and other stakeholders. All in all, it is really important for auditors to remain independence in body and mind when conducting an audit.

Pride and Prejudice Essay: First Impressions -- Pride Prejudice Essays

First Impressions in Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚   First impressions are very important in Jane Austin's Pride and Prejudice. As the story develops, we discover how the prejudices and first impressions of each of the main characters change. The primary focus is on the character of Elizabeth Bennet.    Elizabeth's judgments about other characters' dispositions are accurate about half of the time.   While she is correct about Mr. Collins and how absurdly self-serving he is and about Lady Catherine de Bourgh and how proud and snobbish she is, her first impressions of Wickham and Darcy steer her incorrectly.   Wickham is first thought to be a gentleman by all.   His good looks and his easy manner fool almost everyone, and Elizabeth believes without question all that he tells her of Darcy. Elizabeth's first impressions of him are contradicted when she realizes that he has lied about Darcy.    Elizabeth and many of the other characters se... ... her married daughters with pride, and Elizabeth is said to be proud of Darcy because of what he had done for Lydia.   First impressions can be discussed of many of the other characters than those discussed here, and prejudice is illustrated not only in Elizabeth's behavior, but in Darcy's and Lady Catherine's reactions to the status of Elizabeth's family as well    Work Cited: Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. 1813. Ed. Donald Gray. New York: Norton and Co., 1993.

Juvenile Justice Chapters 1-4 Study Guide Essay

1 Juvenile violence is generally unrelated to gang formation and presence. False 2 The actual amount of juvenile violence in the United States is unknown. True 3 Property-offender juveniles account for about 10% of all juvenile arrests annually. False 4 A policy of delaying juvenile punishments works best for juvenile rehabilitation. False 5 Juvenile courts are the same as criminal courts. False 6 Juvenile courts have prosecutors and other court personnel. True 7 The juvenile justice system does not resemble the criminal justice system. False 8 Usually the same criteria are used to define juvenile offenders in different state jurisdictions. False 9 Under parens patriae, the king as sovereign acts to protect children and other dependents. True 10 Juvenile justice has been substantially unaffected by alternative philosophies that differ from the rehabilitation emphasis. False 11 Juvenile courts are unknown in most other industrialized countries throughout the world. False 12 Over two million youths come into contact with the criminal justice system annually. True 13 Once offenders are placed in corrections, they are no longer in the criminal justice system. False 14 Jurisdiction is the power of a court to hear a case. True 15 There are about 1,000 law enforcement agencies in the United States. False 16 Almost all ordinances aimed at juveniles are status ordinances since they are not applicable for adults. True 17 Sheriff’s deputies and city police officers are the law enforcement officers who have the most amount of contact with juveniles. True 18 Juveniles who loiter late at night cannot be taken into custody by police officers for any reason since loitering is not prohibited per se. False 19 The stage where information is obtained about juvenile suspects, including their names, addresses, and ages, is called arraignment. False 20 Juveniles are not entitled to bail. False 21 ROR means released on own recognizance. True 22 Preconviction agreements between defendants and the state are known as indictments. False 23 Proceedings for establishing a trial date where a formal plea to charges is entered are alled arraignments. True 24 Exculpatory evidence is evidence that tends to show the greater guilt of a defendant. False 25 Inculpatory evidence is favorable for defendants charged with crimes. True 26 Preliminary hearings or examinations are usually conducted for the purpose of determining probable cause. True 27 The standard of proof in juvenile proceedings is preponderance of the evidence. False 28 Beyond a reasonable doubt is only aplicable to criminal proceedings. False 29 Juveniles are not entitled in any jurisdiction to a trial by jury. False 30 Aggravating circumstances might include whether or not the youth cooperate with police to help them detect and apprehend other offenders. False 31 A mitigating circumstance might be the mental health of the defendant. True 32 Corrections is all agencies and personnel who deal with convicted offenders. True 33 Probation is part of corrections. True 34 Reducing the number of jails is the goal of the jail removal initiative. False 35 Referrals of juveniles to juvenile court can only be made by police officers. False 36 Parole is a conditional release from incarceration. True 37 Because of changes in the law, there are no longer any juveniles in adult jails. False 38 About half of all juvenile cases that come before the juvenile court are handled informally. True 39 Petitions are documents directing police to arrest a particular juvenile. False 40 Police officers are prohibited by law from placing juveniles in jails, even for short periods. False 41 One reason juveniles are held in jails temporarily is that it is difficult to establish their true age on the basis of their appearance. True 42 Neighbors of youths are prohibited by law from filing complaints that might bring these youths to the attention of the juvenile court. False 43 Being arrested and taken into custody are the same thing. False 44 Intake officers can order the incarceration of any juvenile to a long-term juvenile facility if the officers believe that the juvenile is guilty of a felony. False 45 Juvenile court prosecutors have broad discretionary powers. True 46 An adjudicatory hearing is the juvenile equivalent of a criminal trial for an adult. True 47 Intake is usually presided over by the local juvenile court judge. False 48 Intake probation officers attempt to screen the more serious juvenile offenders from the less serious ones. True 49 Intake officers consider both legal and extralegal factors in intake decision making. True 50 A nominal punishment might be a verbal warning or reprimand. True 51 Secure confinement is most closely associated with probation. False 52 Doing what is best for the children is consistent with the parens patriae doctrine. True 53 Official documents that call for a youth’s subsequent appearance in juvenile court and allege carious offenses are called petitions. True 54 Juvenile court proceedings are becoming increasingly adversarial. True 55 It is often true that the greater the formality of a juvenile court proceeding, the harsher the punishment imposed by juvenile court judges. True 56 A decision about the guilt or innocence of a juvenile is called a disposition. False 57 In most jurisdictions juvenile court judges have nearly absolute discretion to determine how their particular court proceedings are conducted. True 58 Juveniles are convicted of offenses in juvenile court proceedings. False 59 An adjudication means that a juvenile will be incarcerated. False 60 All adjudications of juveniles mean that all juveniles who are adjudicated are delinquents. False 61 Over two million juveniles com into contact with the following system annually: Criminal justice 62 Regarding decisions and discretion about juvenile offenders, intake officers have: Considerable discretion 63 Which of the following are components of the criminal justice system? a) Law enforcement b) Courts c) Legislature d) All of the above 64 The word process is sometimes used to describe the criminal justice system. This is because the criminal justice system is : a) a sequence of people-processing stages. b) loosely coordinated. c) fragmented. d) all of the above. 65 The power of courts to hear particular kinds of cases is called: Jurisdiction 66 The largest component of the criminal justice system is: Law enforcement 67 A conditional disposition would be: Probation 68 The juvenile equivalent of an adult sentence is called a(n): Disposition 69 Juveniles may be: a) arrested. b) taken to shelters and group homes. c) taken into custody. d) all of the above. 70 When juveniles are apprehended by police for suspicion and not necessarily for any particular crime, they are: Taken into custody. 71 Obtaining one’s name, address, fingerprints, photograph, and other vital information is a part of what process? Booking 72 Detentions and secure confinement almost always follow: a) a finding of guilt b) intake c) adjudications d) none of the above 73 ROR means: Released on own recognizance 74 Preconviction agreements involving guilty pleas ans favorable sentencing are: Plea bargains 75 Defendants who are most likely to be released on ROR are those: Who are employed, white, middle-class females 76 Sureties that are posted to guarantee one’s subsequent appearance in court are called: Bailbonds 77 Evidence that is favorable to the prosecution against a violent defendant is called: Inculpatory 78 Evidence that is favorable to the defense in a criminal case is called; Exculpatory 79 Circumstances that might make the punishment imposed by a sentencing judge more severe would be: Aggravating 80 Determining that a crime was committed and that a particular person or persons probably committed the crime is: Probable cause 81 Preliminary hearings are held primarily for the purpose of establishing: Probable cause 82 The standard of proof in criminal proceedings is: Beyond a reasonable doubt 83 Juries that determine one’s guilt or innocence are called: Grand juries 84 Circumstances that tend to lessen punishments imposed by judges during sentencing are: Mitigating 85 The assemblage of agencies and persons who supervise offenders after court proceedings might likely be called: Corrections 86 A conditional nonincarcerative alternative for a first offender convicted of a crime is: Probation 87 A mitigating circumstance might be: a) one’s youthfulness. b) cooperating with police officers to detect other criminals c) mental illness d) all of the above 88 An aggravating circumstance might be: Being a gang leader 89 The jail removal initiative is aimed at: Reducing or eliminating juvenile confinement in jails 90 Being taken into custody and being arrested are: Different in meaning 91 Official documents filed with juvenile court that allege that a certain juvenile is delinquent are called: Petitions 92 A finding by a grand jury that a crime has been committed and that a particular person may have committed the crime is called: True bill 93 A judgement in juvenile court is called: Adjudication 94 When a stern reprimand is given as a sentence in a juvenile court proceeding, the juvenile has been: Adjudicated 95 A conditional diposition might be: a) participation in group therapy b) payment of victim compensation c) community service d) all of the above 96 Criminal informations are typically filed by: Prosecutors 97 An industrial school placement of a juvenile is commensurate with what type of placement for adult offenders? Prison 98 The standard of proof in juvenile courts, where juveniles are not in jeopardy of losing their liberty, is: Preponderance of evidence 99 Common law in the United States was derived from: England 100 Parens patriae means: â€Å"The father of the country† 101 A standard definition of delinquency: a) exists for all juridictions b) is consistant throughout all states and the federal system c) limits delinquents to all those under age 18 d) none of the above 102 Offenses committed by juveniles that would not be crimes if committed by adults are called: Status offenses 103 It can be said of all juveniles delinquents that they: Commit crimes 104 Deinstitutionalization generally means to: Remove juveniles from custodial institutions 105 In most jurisdictions, juveniles can be charged with crimes at age: a) 18 b) 20 c) 19 d) all of the above 106 Persons under the age of 7 were presumed capable of formulating criminal intent under common law. False 107 Common law emerged in the American colonies in the 1600s. False 108 A shire is the chief law enforcement officer of an English country. False 109 Reeves are English countries. False 110 Chancellors were officials in England who administered the affairs fo the King in different remote areas. True 111 Transportation was a method used by England to rid itself of criminals. True 112 The Birdwell Workhouse was the first juvenile reformatory. False 113 Poor laws were used to incarcerate debtors for indefinite periods. True 114 The poor laws targeted the socioeconomically disadvantaged. True 115 One example of the voluntary slavery pattern is the indentured servant. True 116 The Hospital of St. Michael was the first hospital to treat juvenile diseases. False 117 The Walnut Street Jail was known for its terrible living conditions for inmates. False 118 Solitary confinement is a recent concept created during the early 1940s in U.S. prisons. False 119 Child-savers were drawn largely from the lower socioeconomic classes. False 120 Hard-core delinquents were targeted for treatment in houses of refuge. True 121 The power of the state over the family in child custody cases was illustrated in the case of Ex parte Crouse. True 122 The case of O’Connell v. Turner had to do with child abuse and neglect. False 123 The founder of Hull House was Jane Addams. True 124 Truants are persons who have run away from home and are considered untreatable. False 125 An example of voluntary servitude was the indentured servant. True 126 The first juvenile court was established in Illinois in !899. True 127 By the end of the Korean War, only ;half of all states had juvenile courts. False 128 The Compulsory School Act created children’s tribunals. False 129 Prior to juvenile courts, juvenile affairs were administered largely by social service agencies. True 130 Juvenile courts in most jurisdictions operate the same way. False 131 One of the most influential philanthropic organizations of the eighteenth century upon correctional practices was the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries fo Public Persons. True 132 Small communities were known for their Gesellschaft atmosphere. False 133 Juveniles viewed as chattel meant that they were counted like so much farm property and livestock. True 134 Sweat shops exploited juvenile labor during the late 1800s and early 1900s. True 135 Throughout much of the 20th century, juveniles had little or no legal standing in U.S. courts. True 136 Efficient juvenile offender proceedings is sometimes called actuarial justice. True 137 Jurisdiction usually refers to the power of a court to hear particular kinds of cases. True 138 For a majority of the states, the upper age limit for juvenile courts is 21. False 139 Status offenders would include all juveniles who commit acts that would be crimes if adults committed them. False 140 The power of juvenile court judges is such that juvenile delinquency may be whatever they say it is. True 141 The parens patriae doctrine has had little influence on juveniles and juvenile courts. False 142 The get-tough movement is a response to perceived escalating juvenile violence by interested citizens. True 143 In most juvenile courts, juveniles are convicted of various offenses following an adjudicatory hearing. False 144 Almost every juvenile court is a court of record. False 145 Juvenile court jurisdiction is the same among different local and state legislative definitions of juvenile offenders. False 146 All jurisdictions have the same lower age limits for juveniles. False 147 The most common age of accountability in the U.S. is 21. False 148 Delinquency is an act committed by a juvenile which would be a status offense if committed by an adult. False 149 Compared with runaways, curfew violators tend to be more serious offenders. True 150 Virtually all runaways are pretty much the same in terms of their social and personal characteristics. False 151 Stigmas usually result in juveniles defining themselves as deviant or delinquent. True 152 Truants and liquor law violators are more inclined to be chronic offenders compared with runaways. True 153 Stigmatization is closely associated with labeling theory. True 154 Staus offenders may become criminals if they violate court orders. True 155 Studies of runaway behavior show that most runaways are well adjusted youths who want to make it on their own. False 156 Decarceration means to separate juvenile delinquents from status offenders by placing them in different cells in juvenile prisons. False 157 Diversion programs are especially helpful in the cases of dependent and neglected children. True 158 Under divestiture status offenders are removed from secure institutions. False 159 One unfavorable implication of DSO is net-widening. True 160 Recidivism is associated with the chronicity of offending. True 161 Self-reports suggest that there is considerable career escalation from status offending to criminal offending. False 162 An important factor associated with recidivism is frequent contact with juvenile courts. True 163 Contact with juvenile courts is believed by many experts to stigmatize youths with self-definitions of delinquency. True 164 Relabeling occurs when police officers relabel innocent juvenile behaviors and interpret them as delinquent behaviors. True 165 The Uniform Crime Report typically underestimates the amount of juveniles offending. True 166 DSO has caused drastic increases in the rate of recidivism among juvenile offenders. False 167 An incident consists of multiple acts involving a single victim. False 168 A victimization is a single criminal act that affects a single victim. True 169 The National Crime Victimization Survey is a compilation of reported by all law enforcement agencies. False 170 Cleared by arrest means that someone has been arrested for a particular crime. True 171 One weakness of the UCR is that not all law enforcement agencies report crimes in the same way. True 172 Self-report information is believed to by some juvenile justice experts to be a more accurate indication of how much delinquency exists. True 173 The Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics publishes no information about juvenile offenses. False 174 Self-reports are reports filed by principals detailing the amount of crime committed by students on their campuses. True 175 One problem with self-report information is that juveniles may exaggerate the amount of crime they commit. True 176 The National Youth Survey has been discounted frequently by professionals as an unreliable data source regarding juvenile offending behaviors. False 177 Self-reports of delinquency often disclose what has been termed hidden delinquency. True 178 A study of youths who reported that they smoked cigarettes frequently showed that many of these youths had not actually smoked cigarettes and had lied about this behavior. True 179 School violence has pretty much een eliminated as the result of more sophisticated surveillance systems in schools and closer student monitoring by police. False 180 Most school violence is fatal. False 181 There is a clear pattern of career escalation among status offenders who typically graduate to juvenile delinquency. False 182 Chronic violent offenders are usually those juveniles who are arrested at least four or more times for violent offenses. True 183 The formation of gangs is a phenomenon almost exclusively confined to the large cities of Los Angeles, New York, Boston, ans Chicago. False 184 At-risk youth tend to have personality problems and exhibit poor social adjustment. True 185 Gangs usually form along racial or ethnic lines. True 186 Juveniles who commit homicide are relatively rare. True 187 About 50% of all youth deaths have been attributable to firearms. True 188 Pathways are developmental sequences over the course of one’s adolescence. True 189 There are few, if any, differences between female and male delinquent offending patterns. False 190 Growing numbers of female juvenile are entering the juvenile justice system annually. True 191 The most common reason for females joining female gangs is for protection. True 192 Female rather than male delinquents are more likely to receive paternalistic treatment from juvenile court judges. True 193 A significant feature of early juvenile courts was their emphasis on: Confidentiality 194 Common law was established during: Medieval England 195 Juvenile courts are courts of: Limited Jurisdiction 196 Referring to the juvenile justice system as a â€Å"system† is problematic for some juvenile justice professionals primarily because: The juvenile justice system components are only loosely coordinated 197 Below what age under English common law are children not held accountable for their actions? 7 198 A sheriff in early England was called a: Reeve 199 Indentured servants often entered servitude voluntarily for the purpose of: Gaining passage to the new colonies 200 The Poor Laws were most closely associated with: Debtor’s Prisons 201 Responsible for many of the jail and prison reforms in early England were the: Quakers 202 The Walnut Street Jail was innovative in that it: a) segregated male from female inmates b) segregated more serious offenders for less serious ones c) created solitary confinement d) all of the above 203 The Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons was sponsored by the: Quakers 204 The Hospital of Saint Michael was a famous: Correctional facility in Italy to punish unruly youths 205 The Hospital of Saint Michael was known for its use of: Corporal Punishment 206 The child-saving movement sought to: Provide shelter to wayward youths 207 Houses of refuge targeted: Status Offenders 208 Ex parte Crouse dealt with: Family rights relating to the control of their children 209 Truancy statutes were aimed at: Youths who avoided attending school 210 The Uniform Crime Reports publishes information about: a)juvenile delinquency b)reported crime c)felonies and misdemeanors d) all of the above 211 According to the Uniform Crime Reports, juvenile offense patterns are: Different among most states 212 Self-reports of delinquency differ from reported delinquency in the Uniform Crime Reports in that self-reports disclose: Higher delinquency than reported 213 The federal juvenile court is called: The federal government has no juvenile court 214 Truancy is: A status offense 215 In our current system of juvenile justice, a six-year-old murderer is likely to be: Treated 216 A status offense for an adult offender would likely be: Vagrancy 217 What best typifies runaway behavior? It is difficult to explain. 218 The â€Å"unsettling age† of runaway behavior is: The first few days away from home 219 More inclined to become chronic offenders are: Truants 220 Stigmas among certain juveniles result in: Unfavorable labeling by others 221 Stigmatizing youths is believed to be one consequence of: Frequent contact with juvenile courts 222 Deinstitutionalizing status offenders means: Removal of status offenders from institutions 223 Labeling theory has done much to account for:q Diversion 224 One of the most sweeping reforms in juvenile justice in recent years is: DSO 225 Undre full divestiture juvenile court judges can do what to status offenders? a) place them on probation b) confine them to institutions c) adjudicate them d) none of the above 226 Whenever police officers redefine innocent juvenile behaviors as delinquent behaviors, this process is: Re-labeling 227 When certain youths are pulled into the juvenile justice system and community programs simply because those programs exist, this is known as: Net-widening 228 One major problem with the Uniform Crime Reports is that: Not all agencies report crime regularly 229 An index offense would be: a) arson b) murder c) robbery d) all of the above 230 A crime punishable by more than one year of incarceration would be a: Felony 231 The National Crime Victimization Survey is a reflection of the amount of: a) aggravated assaults committed by juveniles b) rapes committed by juveniles c) murders committed by juveniles d) none of the above 232 Crimes that are cleared by arrest usually lead to: a) long jail terms b) convictions c) short jail terms d) none of the above 233 Self-report information is: a) potentially unreliable b) constitutional c) voluntary d) all of the above 234 When a crime is committed and a single victim is involved, it is called: Victimization 235 The Uniform Crime Reports may reflect: a) arrest statistics b) police offender activity c) crime trends d) all of the above 236 The Uniform Crime Reports report: Arrests 237 Perhaps one of the most accurate statements we can make about the Uniform Crime Reports is that they: Seriously underestimate the true amount of crime nationally 238 The National Youth Survey is an example of the use of: Self-reports 239 Regarding the relation between the type of juvenile offending behavior and career escalation, the results of scientific research are: Inconsistant 240 Self-reports are likely inaccurate because: Juveniles tend to brag about cries they have not committed 241 Most school violence results in: Nonlethal injuries 242 At-risk youths tend to be: a) overachievers in school b) socially well-adjusted c) affluent d) none of the above 243 Gangs tend to form along: a) racial lines b) gender lines c) ethnic lines d) all of the above 244 Developmental sequences over the term of one’s adolescence are called: Pathways 245 Female juveniles tend to: a) commit less violent acts b) have prior histories of physical or sexual abuse c) be more passive in their offending d) all of the above 246 One myth about female juvenile offenders is that much of their offending involves: Violent offending 247 Theories have nothing to do with predicting social behaviors False 248 Theories may predict as well as explain. True 249 It is very likely that relationships exist between theories of delinquency and various types of juvenile delinquency intervention programs. True