Personally I have sympathy Essay Example for Free

Personally I have sympathy Essay He also states I had deprived myself of rest and health, meaning that he had worked so hard and long it had effected his health. When Victor looks for the monster on the frozen ocean he still tries to gain sympathy using language such as despair and I myself was about to sink under accumulation of distress. Here he is speaking metaphorically; hes talking about sinking in the sea, as well as sinking emotionally. With so much talk of self pity, the reader could easily forget that this journey is one of vengeance. Victor sees the monster as his enemy and says his soul is as hellish as his form, full of treachery, and fiend like malice. He also tells Walton to thrust your sword into his heart, I will hover near, and direct the steel alright. His hate for the monster is so intense; he thinks that he can help in killing the monster, even in supernatural life. Even though Victor is seen as an arrogant, self righteous character, we have sympathy for him because he starts a series of events that he eventually has no control over. He creates a monster that kills his family and feels compelled to seek him out and end his life. His desire is burning within my heart, and he is powerless not to obey it. Whereas Victors downfall could be seen as of his own making, the creature seems to be a victim of circumstance and outside influences. The creature says, The completion of my demoniacal design became an insatiable passion. He considers himself to have no control over his actions as they are a result of how he was made. He also claims I had no choice but to adapt my nature to an element which I had willingly chosen, and that evil thenceforth became my good. The monster is looking for understanding for his terrible actions when he says I was the slave, not the master. He is trying to portray himself as a victim rather than the villain. In this passage the creature speaks descriptively to try and make the reader feel sympathy. He says that in the beginning it was the love of virtue, he feelings of happiness and affection with which my whole being overflowed. This turned into bitter loathing and despair and it speaks of how its crimes had degraded itself. It compares itself to a fallen angel who becomes a malignant devil. It considers itself to be more sinned against than the sinner when it says all humankind sinned against me. The feeling of self pity continues with I desired love and fellowship and I was still spurned and your abhorrence cannot equal that with which I regard myself. It feels totally injustice towards itself with everyone despising it and having sympathy only for Victor. This would make the reader feel very sympathetic towards the monster he has only turned out to be the despised and hated creature that he now is due to the actions of others. Both characters make convincing cases in an attempt to gain sympathy from the reader. Both are sinned against, (Victor has his family killed by his own creation and his creation itself is abandoned and despised) and it is a matter of opinion who the victim actually is. The reasons behind Victor deciding to create life in the first place could be seen as an important factor. Was he trying to be the first person to create life in this way to satisfy his ego or was he doing it for the good of human kind? Personally I have sympathy for both Victor and the monster. But if I had to choose one it would be the monster, because it was born an adult and never got chance to learn right from wrong and it had no parents to teach it anything nor no friends. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Generic Conventions of Documentary

Generic Conventions of Documentary The Purpose of this Essay is to explore the Generic Conventions of Documentary and Documentary photography, comparing the two and to explore how street photography has evolved since its introduction in the late 19th century. This essays primary purpose is to Examine How Street Photography came about and how it has changed since it was revolutionised in the early 20th Century, then it will explore and compare two photographers who forever changed the way that street photography is perceived, The secondary purpose of this essay will be to debate the question, unlike documentary photography, which sets out to record historical events and everyday life, does street photography need a subject in the image in particular with Eugene Atget, who went around photographing various street corners and shops in Paris without a person in the photo. First of all, one must ask the question, exactly what is a photograph? In The Photograph, Graham Clarke Describes the word Photograph as Light Writing, he goes on to say that it also speaks as an underlying concern to control light and time and that the photograph not only signals a different relationship to and over nature, it speaks very much to a sense of power in a way that we seek to construct the world around us Clarke, (1997, P11). In most photographs its left up to the viewer on how they read and perceive a photograph, Graham Clark continues by saying The photograph has a multiple existence which informs its multiple meanings, its seeming simplicity of form and function belies an implicit problematic of sight and representation Clarke, (1997, P11) What Clarke is suggesting to the viewer is that photographs have multiple layers of text conveyed within one image, Clarke wants the viewer to look closer and determine what the photograph means to each person individually and why its being represented in this way In relation to street photography this is the main question to be explored in the second part of this essay. So how does one read a photograph? A picture is worth a thousand words, but how does one interpret them? Every time the viewer sees an image he or she has their own personal view of that image so it falls to the photographer or artist to put their own messages/meanings behind their images and leave the interpretation open to the viewer, Photographic Art Generally falls into four main types of photographic genres, Landscape, Portraiture, Fine Art, and Documentary, each picture in each genre gives off a different emotional response In Particular Eugene Atget and Cartier Bressons Photographic styles would fall into the Landscape Documentary categories. So lets look at what these two categories are, in photography; The Key Concepts, David Bate describes documentary photography as Telling a story with pictures, Documentary photography gave new life and social function, Documentary aimed to show in an informal way the everyday lives of ordinary people, to other ordinary people -ÂÂ   Bate, (2009, P45). This emerged as popular practise following the First World War, and began to develop through the 20th century, after the horrors of the First World War, more and more photographers went out and photographed everyday events happening to normal everyday people out in the streets, this social documentary work went on to dominate the early 20th century with people undertaking projects based on the after effects on war and how it changed the lives of everyday peoples lives forever, One such example would be the 1972 accidental napalm attack in the Vietnamese war, one of the most reproduced images of that time, Robert Haeberles People abo ut to be shot which Clarke describes as An anonymous war machine raining down napalm accidentally on innocent children but such a narrative cannot deflect us from the presence of intense agony Clarke (1997, P160) By looking at this photo the reader is invited to feel all the emotions these children went through, screams, cries and sorrow, but the photographer is trying to invite the reader to understand that although we can see visually how horrible the events were, that theres nothing more horrible than what the innocent subjects were going through, The Photographer Robert Haeberles statement himself guys were about to shoot these people I yelled hold it and shot my pictures, M16s opened up and from the corner of my eye I saw bodies falling but I did not turn to look Rovert Haeberle Clarke, (1997, P160). Next theres Landscape Photography, there are many different narratives that landscape photography could fall in to, but the main thing to think about with street photography in landscapes is what is the photographer attempting to show the reader in a landscape picture? Is it just the environment, the place, or is it perhaps a landscape being dominated by the presence of humans in the photograph, In David Bates Photography, the key concepts, Bate goes on to say what this means is that whatever is seen is always coded via the picture. Therefore HOW the material is seen in the picture, the way it is pictured, is as critical as what is shown Bate, (2009, P90) the photographer is encouraging the reader to think of the bigger picture of what the landscape photograph represents, Roger Fenton, one of the early Pioneers in photography was one of the first to make the reader question and think about what they were viewing, his approach was to places that had been established as tourist areas, places that people already had a view on, places of great beauty and social harmony In his approach to landscape Fenton both reflects a highly specific cultural vocabulary based on literature and painting, this sense of the photographer as privileged tourist is underscored by the way Fenton often photographed tourist areas which had already been depicted in painting and literature his images reflect the leisurely assumptions of a class of people who looked upon landscape scenery in aesthetic and philosophical terms (Clarke, 1997, P56). The photograph often gives off a hint of a unified Britain, but Fenton, a war photographer, is trying the challenge the readers views and make you see the bigger picture, look beyond the picture and think of problems that may have been going on around that area at the time. This brings the essay on to Part two, firstly unlike Documentary Photography, does Street Photography need a person in the photo? As mentioned earlier in the essay this is left very open to the viewer to make their mind up, Eugene Atget didnt think it did, Eugene Atget was one of the main pioneers in 20th century street photography, and most of his work was done on the streets of Paris, his photos that do have people are very surreal, questioning our perception of what is dream and what is reality, looking at one of Atgets pieces of work, A Corner, rue de seine, As quoted by Clive Scott in Street Photography, From Atget to Cartier Bresson Perhaps the most celebrated photograph of this street is the one that Atget took on an early May morning in 1924, a photo of a wedge shaped building at the corner of the rue de seine, The oblique view shown here emphasizes the rapid foreshadowing created by the wide angle lens, the distortion produced by the lens also gives the building a marked pre cariousness, is this tilting to the right a consequence of intoxication or old age? The building has open eyes, only on the third and fourth floors at the near end, everywhere else in the building is sealed in somnolence or death -(Scott, 2007, P178/P180) The Photograph is a very surreal image which is challenging the reader to try decode its many layers, The viewer sees it as an image with a lot of gothic potential, the mist adds to this effect, and the building is shown to be in disrepair, so although the image is shown without subjects, theres a much deeper hidden meaning, a very dark and dreary meaning that could perhaps signal a change in cultures, the building is old, very pre-World War One, perhaps this image also trying to indicate a struggle to adapt to the new world after war, also although most of the text in image is left blurred or too small to read, we can clearly read the words petit bouif which is actually a shoe repair shop, which Atget is also well known for photog raphing,ÂÂ   we also see the pictures of what we assume are lost family pets, again we can relate this back to the time, 6 years after the world war ended what exactly has Paris become. Moving on to Cartier Bresson,ÂÂ   much of his work is not actually considered documentary photographer, he was a revolutionary photographer who couldnt really be placed into any single genre, he did almost every type of photography you could do, but although he wasnt a documentary photographer, one of his most well-known images that Im going to look at is, the photo was taken outside the train station saint lazar, although colour camera did not exist at this time Bresson noticed the rain in the foreground, and the beautiful mist like feature blocking the houses in the background, and by chance he saw a man jumping over the picture which he then snapped on his black and white camera, we can see from the picture that the man was caught in mid motion, the blur that has appeared from the mans speed but also the contrast makes the picture stand out more, so we have to ask the question, had the man not been there jumping over the ladder when Bresson snapped him, would this have becom e arguably Bressons most well-known photograph? Although there is still a lot going on in the picture, such as the ladder and rubble in front of it, the railowsky sign clearly visible in the midground, and even the other person visible near the background, at least in this case although Bresson may not have been a documentary photographer, this picture is a documentary photograph Reference List: Scott, Clive. Street Photography. London: I.B. Tauris, 2007. Print. Bate, D. (2009). Photography. Oxford: Berg. Clarke, G. (1997). The photograph. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

The Story Of Adam And Eve Theology Religion Essay

The Story Of Adam And Eve Theology Religion Essay Faithful Christians all around the globe believe in the same story that is presented in the book of Genesis in the Holy Bible; The Story of Adam and Eve. This story supports the creation of the first two humans to walk on earth and why we have the ability to sin. Not everyone believes this though, throughout the years there have been many different interpretations of the Adam and Eve story. The main types of differences in interpretations are: some people believe in the story, some think the story has no value, and some think there is another meaning to the story instead of the one we all describe now. With this taken into consideration, there are many interpretations of the story of Adam and Eve in Christianity that gives different insight to the story. Starting with the creation of this story, it is located in the book of Genesis. The story was created by the Samarians who passed it down to the Babylonians. The story states that there were two humans, Adam and Eve, who were created by God. God first created Adam. One day Adam told God he was lonely and wanted a companion. God then created animals to keep Adam company to take care of them. Adam again said he was still feeling lonely, so God took one of Adams ribs to create Eve. They were told to live in a garden called The Garden of Eden. This was a beautiful garden where everything was supplied for them to live and prosper. God had one rule only for them, to not eat the forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge, if they did there would be serious consequences. As Adam and Eve explore their new home Eve finds a serpent in the tree of knowledge, this serpent represents the devil. The serpent convinces Eve to eat the fruit from the tree of knowledge. Eve could have thought it was car eless fun and nothing bad would come of it. Giving into temptation may be fun at first, but the consequences are never worth it.(Campus Life,2001)Suddenly Eve starts to see the consequences of her action. Adam and Eve do not know they are naked at this time, but Eve soon realizes Adam and she are naked. She convinces Adam to eat the fruit with her and they both now have disobeyed God. God returns and finds Adam and Eve hiding in a bush. He asks them why they are hiding from him. Adam and Eve reply they are naked and need to cover themselves. God knows that they had eaten from the forbidden tree. God punished them by having each child born from Adam and Eve to be born with original sin. God also had them banished from The Garden of Eden and to live among the animals. This story has been around for thousands of years, meaning there are plenty of ways to interpret this tale. This shows that What we have sought to affirm through the centuries in pointing to the Genesis  storyƚ  is human solidarity.(Arraj Tumulty, pp.21) The literal interpretation of the story is one the most believed and most taught around the world. It states many things, first it says God created Adam and Eve in his own image. This is self explanatory since it is stated almost exactly like that in the text. As God takes the rib from Eve it shows that they will be joined together forever as God creates Eve in his own image. Once Eve was created she was considered the mother of all things living and Adam was considered the father. Basically, the story is saying they started all of humanity. Another literal meaning from the story is that Eve was deceived by the serpent who was the devil. This showed that the devil is always trying to tempt us to go his way instead of towards God. As we Christians move away from doing good works they are reenacting when Eve took the forbidden fruit. Once this was discovered God banished the devil from the Garden of Eden, therefore overcoming the serpent. In the end Jesus came and saved the Christians from sin by overcoming the serpent.This interpretation of the story is what people get from the text without going into greater detail of the meaning through the eyes of a faithful Christian. Some argue that the stories in the Bible are just for spiritual growth and comfort. Regarding the story of Adam and Eve, there are multiple signs that give people spiritual comfort. With the creation of Adam and Eve we were created in the image of God, showing that we are all equal and beautiful in the eyes of God. To show God our thanks Christians worship him in church, which also has come from God. Just like Adam, God , figuratively speaking, took one of his ribs and created a church. Which is now church considered Gods home, or the Mother of Spirits, and was built for our spirits to be forgiven. This directly relates to Eve who is the mother of mankind. As she was deceived by the devil so was the church. This made it harder for the Church to be spiritually reborn. Then Jesus arrived and overcame the devil and the church was reborn. This meaning is what is suppose to be taken from the story according to the Bible. The Bible warns us not to be literalistic. We should serve in the ne wness of the Spirit and not in the oldness of the letter. (Romans 7:6) (What The Bible Says About) Everything from the Bible is spiritual and good lessons of ways to live life. Spiritual and literal interpretations of the story of Adam and Eve both have valid points. Each gives a background taught to Christians around the world. One type of interpretation we dont hear often is how this story could be a story commemorating the two people who formed their first society. It seems Adam and Eve story in Garden of Eden could be an actual and normal event, and not the Creation story of Adam and Eve as the first couple on the surface of the earth, but rather the first couple who founded a tribe which their decedents were remembering them.(Gollestani, The Truth Shall) This makes sense, showing that Adam and Eve could have been nomads wandering until they found the perfect spot to develop a community. With a community comes rules and regulations. God could have been a nomadic leader or king that set the first ground rules of civilization. For example, no killing, no stealing, and a judgment before a prosecution must be held. Now the story of Adam and Eve was found ma nly from Mesopotamian tablets and the holy Bible. So the Mesopotamian people could have been the ones telling a story to show there thanks to Adam and Eve for the creation of their community. These show that this story could have actually been to thank the creators of a nation instead of having a true moral meaning. With science being one of the biggest phenomenons of the modern day, it helps us decide what is possible and what is not possible. Can science overtake the way people believe in religions today? Many scientists do believe this and even have a say in the story of Adam and Eve. As already known, people who are strict believers in only scientific means think that the world was created by the big bang theory and everything evolved from evolution. This is already against popular belief of most people in the world, since Christianity is believed by 2.1 billion people. Adam and Eve were created by God, in the image of God, and to start all mankind stated by Christian beliefs. As stated in an article by Christianity Today, Reports claim of recent genetic research that the human race did not emerge from pre-human animals as a single pair, as an Adam and an Eve. The complexity of the human genome, we are told, requires an original population of around 10,000.(Christianity Today, pp.61) This i nterpretation has no belief of religion or faith just the justification of science. Its hard not to believe in facts that have been scientifically proven. People have started to believe more and more in science and religion that they even started a new one called Scientology. Scientology believes in pure scientific means of religious beliefs. All Christians and other religions that believe in God, whole heartedly believe God is everything and would never do anything to harm us. In this interpretation of the Adam and Eve story , it seems that God setup Adam and Eve. The part of the story where God is explaining to Adam and Eve that they are not allowed to eat from the tree of knowledge, it makes it seem as if God wants them to eat from it. He plants this special tree in the middle of the gardenà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬on display.(Emerging Truths, 2011) It shows that God says not to eat from it but in reality he really wants Adam and Eve to eat from it. There is a point as stated by Emerging Truths that says God winked at the reader saying watch they will eat it right now. Continuing the story, the serpent was thrown in there to have someone tempt Eve into eating from the tree, if the serpent was not in the story then the curiosity of Adam and Eve would have gotten the better of them and they still would have eaten from the tree. Even though it is somewhat bizarre to hear that God was trying to purposely trick Adam and Eve into eating the fruit, it is another way to view a legendary story with many interpretations. The story of Adam and Eve will stay alive for as long as this earth is still spinning. As one of the cornerstones of the human race, it is hard to forget something like that. Five interpretations for this story are very little compared to the amount of information and opinions out there. The truth of the matter is we will never know what the true meaning of this story was. It is good to have different views on the story so everyone can use it for self improvement and entertainment. The people who created it have a meaning and it is up to us to take it how we want. As the Bible stated, do not take the stories literally. The story of Adam and Eve will always be around to interpret by generations to come.

Eco-feminism :: essays research papers

â€Å"Women have long been associated with nature.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the following essay Judith Plant sets out the main principles (in regards to ecofeminism): the closeness of women to nature; the belief that the domination of women and the destruction of nature have the same root cause; patriarchy; and the need to re-establish for nature the organic metaphor over the machine metaphor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Judith Plant believes that women have long been associated with nature and that historically, women have had no real power in the outside world, no place in decision-making. Other things such as the intellectual life, the work of the mind, have traditionally not been accessible to women for many reasons. Some of these reasons have included society’s mentality. According to Judith, today, ecology speaks for the earth, and feminism speaks for the ‘other’ in female/male relations. As for ecofeminism, she believes that by speaking for the original ‘others’, it seeks to understand the interconnected roots of all domination, and ways to resist the change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Historically, people were more connected with the earth years ago, mainly because of the fact that many of these people were involved with the earth in some way in their daily lives, through being peasants and living a ordinary existence. But now the earth has become more mechanized and industrialized. Before that, the earth, the giver and supporter of life, was viewed as female, and symbolized by woman, as was the image of disorder, with her storms, droughts, and other natural disasters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Judith Plant states that because of the view humans used to hold of the earth, they would in a way serve as constraints. ‘Mother Earth’ was seen to be alive and sensitive, and no one would consider destroying her in any way. A good example of this strong belief and view towards the earth could be seen in miners. In order to not prevent one of these rules, or in other words to not act ‘†improperly† towards ‘Mother Earth’ rituals were carried out. Miners would give offerings to the gods of the soil and the subterranean world, perform ceremonial sacrifices, and observe sexual abstinence and fasting before violating what was considered to be the sacred earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The change that resulted from the growth in the mechanized and industrialized world was very different. Unlike the visions of the earth before, the new images were of controlling and dominating or having power of nature. Eco-feminism :: essays research papers â€Å"Women have long been associated with nature.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the following essay Judith Plant sets out the main principles (in regards to ecofeminism): the closeness of women to nature; the belief that the domination of women and the destruction of nature have the same root cause; patriarchy; and the need to re-establish for nature the organic metaphor over the machine metaphor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Judith Plant believes that women have long been associated with nature and that historically, women have had no real power in the outside world, no place in decision-making. Other things such as the intellectual life, the work of the mind, have traditionally not been accessible to women for many reasons. Some of these reasons have included society’s mentality. According to Judith, today, ecology speaks for the earth, and feminism speaks for the ‘other’ in female/male relations. As for ecofeminism, she believes that by speaking for the original ‘others’, it seeks to understand the interconnected roots of all domination, and ways to resist the change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Historically, people were more connected with the earth years ago, mainly because of the fact that many of these people were involved with the earth in some way in their daily lives, through being peasants and living a ordinary existence. But now the earth has become more mechanized and industrialized. Before that, the earth, the giver and supporter of life, was viewed as female, and symbolized by woman, as was the image of disorder, with her storms, droughts, and other natural disasters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Judith Plant states that because of the view humans used to hold of the earth, they would in a way serve as constraints. ‘Mother Earth’ was seen to be alive and sensitive, and no one would consider destroying her in any way. A good example of this strong belief and view towards the earth could be seen in miners. In order to not prevent one of these rules, or in other words to not act ‘†improperly† towards ‘Mother Earth’ rituals were carried out. Miners would give offerings to the gods of the soil and the subterranean world, perform ceremonial sacrifices, and observe sexual abstinence and fasting before violating what was considered to be the sacred earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The change that resulted from the growth in the mechanized and industrialized world was very different. Unlike the visions of the earth before, the new images were of controlling and dominating or having power of nature.

The Benefits of FFA Membership Essay -- Expository Essays Research Pap

The spacious, mute auditorium is suddenly turned into a buzzing social center as the large double doors are swung open by thousands of enthusiastic young members of the National FFA Organization. Although the topics of their conversations may range from discussions on recent use of Global Positioning Satellites in tractors, to arguments over the greatest country singer of all time, these young people all have one thing in common. They are all wearing the blue corduroy jacket of the FFA, proudly displaying the FFA emblem on the back, embroidered with blue and gold thread. These members are standing in the center of Freedom Hall; the main auditorium used to hold the National FFA Convention in Louisville, Kentucky. They are anxiously awaiting the first session of the first National Convention to be held in Kentucky. Amidst the sea of blue and gold, one member stands silently in awe of the multitude of people. The sleeves of his blue jacket hang stiffly at his side and the copper zipper shines brightly; both signs of a brand new jacket-- a brand new FFA member. His face looks passive as if he really doesn't know how to react, but the sparkle in his eyes betrays his excitement. This is the first FFA activity he has attended as a high school freshman. To the average person, the boy looks quiet and shy. However, a seed of strength is beginning to take root inside this young man. Through being involved in this convention as well as many more FFA activities in the young man's career in FFA, a world of possibilities is opening up for his future. The National Future Farmers of America program was started in 1929 by a group of young people desiring an organization in which they could take agricultural education classes, practice their l... ...eles Times, 5. Retrieved on March 20, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe (Newspapers) on the World Wide Web: http://www.lexisnexis.com/universe.htm. Prominent Former Members of the FFA. (2001, September 13). National FFA Organization. Retrieved March 19, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ffa.org/htm Sheshadri, T. (2001, December 26). Student recognized for agricultural acumen. The San Diego Union Tribune, N1-4. Retrieved on March 20, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe (Newspapers) on the World Wide Web: http://www.lexisnexis.com/universe.htm. Tenney, A. (1977). The FFA at 50. Alexandria, VA: Future Farmers of America. West, S. (2001, September 20). FFA more than cows, plows. The Houston Chronicle, 6. Retrieved on March 20, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe (Newspapers) on the World Wide Web: http://www.lexisnexis.com/universe.htm. The Benefits of FFA Membership Essay -- Expository Essays Research Pap The spacious, mute auditorium is suddenly turned into a buzzing social center as the large double doors are swung open by thousands of enthusiastic young members of the National FFA Organization. Although the topics of their conversations may range from discussions on recent use of Global Positioning Satellites in tractors, to arguments over the greatest country singer of all time, these young people all have one thing in common. They are all wearing the blue corduroy jacket of the FFA, proudly displaying the FFA emblem on the back, embroidered with blue and gold thread. These members are standing in the center of Freedom Hall; the main auditorium used to hold the National FFA Convention in Louisville, Kentucky. They are anxiously awaiting the first session of the first National Convention to be held in Kentucky. Amidst the sea of blue and gold, one member stands silently in awe of the multitude of people. The sleeves of his blue jacket hang stiffly at his side and the copper zipper shines brightly; both signs of a brand new jacket-- a brand new FFA member. His face looks passive as if he really doesn't know how to react, but the sparkle in his eyes betrays his excitement. This is the first FFA activity he has attended as a high school freshman. To the average person, the boy looks quiet and shy. However, a seed of strength is beginning to take root inside this young man. Through being involved in this convention as well as many more FFA activities in the young man's career in FFA, a world of possibilities is opening up for his future. The National Future Farmers of America program was started in 1929 by a group of young people desiring an organization in which they could take agricultural education classes, practice their l... ...eles Times, 5. Retrieved on March 20, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe (Newspapers) on the World Wide Web: http://www.lexisnexis.com/universe.htm. Prominent Former Members of the FFA. (2001, September 13). National FFA Organization. Retrieved March 19, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ffa.org/htm Sheshadri, T. (2001, December 26). Student recognized for agricultural acumen. The San Diego Union Tribune, N1-4. Retrieved on March 20, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe (Newspapers) on the World Wide Web: http://www.lexisnexis.com/universe.htm. Tenney, A. (1977). The FFA at 50. Alexandria, VA: Future Farmers of America. West, S. (2001, September 20). FFA more than cows, plows. The Houston Chronicle, 6. Retrieved on March 20, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe (Newspapers) on the World Wide Web: http://www.lexisnexis.com/universe.htm.

Paul Gustave Dore Essay

While accompanying his father and older brother in Paris, Gustave discovered the allure of Paris and made known his intention to remain and pursue his career as an artist (Hubbard 5-8). His work is generally considered as Romanticism and he has been labeled one of the greatest illustrators of his time. His lack of formal training created both derision among art critics and a cult following among common people who could relate to his work. He possessed a grasp of what would be popular among the common folks of his time and a flair for the dramatics in his works. It could be said that the Parisian Art world did not side with him because he did not struggle or starve as most artist did and his financial success was a threat to the very core of Art (McWilliam 829-830). His was a time of great discovery, both scientific and artistic, and an industrial revolution the likes of which gave wealth to the very few. When he abandoned caricature work, he did try to redeem himself but, could not break the yoke of commercial production and its promise of wealth (Hubbard 5-8). His inability to sway his critics and peers in his birthplace and formative city (Paris) forced him to ply his wares in England and across the Atlantic to the United States. Gustave Dore became the darling of England and America, and managed to make millions during his half century of life and produced a staggering amount of sketches. At one point of his career as an illustrator, he employed forty blockcutters (WebMuseum 1). Gustave Dore dabbled in both painting and sculpture during his later years and was purported to be a violinist and tenor singer (Hubbard 5-8). The work of Gustave Dore is both loved and spurned during his lifetime but, he certainly maintained a life of wealth his father could not have made and he owed it all to his prodigious pencil. The following works by Gustave Dore, we will examine his favored subjects and themes that showed the suffering of poor people and presented these in surrounding treatment that emphasized those suffering. . Extracted from a book by Blanchard Jerrold and illustrated by Gustave Dore. The book was commissioned as a type of guide through the many streets and venues of London, in essence a Tourist Book (Spartacus. choolnet. co. uk). Instead it became a rendition of the lower class and their plight. A story in the Port Cities: Leisure, health and housing – Social conditions in the 19th-century Website cites the following: An artist’s impression of poverty For those whose imaginations could not be stirred by social commentators like Booth and Mearns, the French artist Gustave Dore (1832-1 883) visited London and produced horrific illustrations of life in the port areas that shocked public opinion. Although a commercial success, many of the critics disliked his work. The critics’ reaction Several critics were angry that Dore had appeared to focus on the poverty that existed on the waterfront, rather than on the finer aspects of life in the metropolis. He was accused by the Art Journal of ‘inventing rather than copying’. Completely missing the point, The Westminster Review complained that ‘Dore gives us sketches in which the commonest, the vulgarest external features are set down’. (PortCities London. org) Analysis of Formal Elements – One of the most fundamental elements of art is line. [Sayre 82] 1Variety and Quality of Lines Homeless people of London deadened on a bench, third quarter 19th century Figure 1 – Museum of Louvre department of the Graphic arts,  © Museums of France, 1998 Dore’s pencil drawing shows a clear outline of each figure with the use of a heavier line and the details using lighter lines. The implied and contour lines in the garments indicate worn use and filth. The vertical and horizontal rendering on the bench enables the viewer to perceive a seating area made of stone thereby heightening the plight of the homeless and impoverished that is depicted here. The development of each subject is made through the use of foreshortening and perspective. The foreshortening implies a reclining figure surrounded by seated figures. The perception of three dimensions is brought about through the use of reserve, or white background of the paper, on the standing baby and the face of the sleeping girl with a hat. The darker rendering of the other subjects suggest repose while the highlighted baby is awake. The cross hatching and hatching of the garments in uneven manner depicts clothing that is disheveled, worn, and filthy. Couple and Two Children Sleeping on a London Bridge Figure 1 – http://www. bergercollection. org/artwork_detail. php? i=167# Dore in Figure 2 now uses a more expressive line in the treatment of the subjects and dark heavy graduated in weight to specify large folds in the clothing and the edge lip of the bench, shown as details in Figure 3 and 4. A sepia wash is used to introduce as a possible element of a darkening sky dotted with white spots indicating stars. To the upper left of the figures is a depiction of crosses faintly visible implying the mast of tall ships thereby implying a port in the distance? The stone bench is still presented by straight vertical and horizontal lines but as opposed to Figure 1, it now shows details such as cracks that normally propagate in stone material. All the figures are dark and disheveled in appearance. Their clothing is depicted in an unkempt appearance and the scene shows a sense of separation from the upper class society because of the way they are lying on the bench, even though they are presented in a manner of dress inure to the upper class. My first impression was a family waiting for transportation to where I do not know after a night out on the town. Normally figures, during that century, waiting for transportation are sitting upright. Dore does not address in his drawing here the same condition as Figure 1. When I first saw this work, I chose not to look at the title and make some preconceived notion as to what was being depicted. When I noticed the implied ship mast in the background, which setup the next perception as a port, it inherently supported my theory of awaiting transportation. Alas, it was not correct and this may shed some light into Dore’s eventual illustration in Figure 5 of the same scene depicting a more impoverished set of subjects on a bench awaiting the light of day. Included as a reference to the depiction of poor vs. wealthy is Figure 6, one of just a few of the drawings the publisher thought would be prevalent in the book. Figure 1 – http://www. bergercollection. org/artwork_detail. php? i=167# Figure 2 – http://www. bergercollection. org/artwork_detail. php? i=167# London: A Pilgrimage, Asleep Under the Stars Figure 1 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html London: A Pilgrimage, A Ball at the Mansion House Figure 2 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html 2Spatial Strategy A Whitechapel Coffeehouse Figure 3 Use of a frontal recession, street level linear perspective is tantamount to depicting the main figures in this almost monochromatic painting. Dore’s lines are generalized and are meant to capture immediately the scene in its moment. The central figures show a more upright and important stance than the outlying supporting subjects. Their turned bodies show an intense attention to the entrance of these key figures. The key figures wardrobe is straight and the outlying figures show crumpled clothing which may imply poverty. It is not until the illustration in Figure 7 that the sense of desperation among the non-central figures is clearly delineated. It is also in this illustration that the claustrophic effect that Dore is famous for is in full effect. The painting shows a more elevated perspective than the illustration. I have started to question Dore’s intent in the production of these illustrations. Even though his name is clearly on the lower left corner on most prints, the blockcutters name is on the lower right. This clearly implies an employer to employee relationship and does not necessarily imply apprenticeship. The distinct change from study or conceptual drawing to print supports this remark. London: A Pilgrimage, A Whitechapel Coffeehouse Figure 4 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html 3Light and Color The Charity of the fishmongers: study in a district of London, 4th quarter 19th century Figure 1– Museum of Louvre department of the Graphic arts,  © Museums of France, 1998 Dore produced this work five years after the release of the illustrated book London: A Pilgrimage. His rendering of color does not lend itself well to translating key formal elements. Why he chose to color the gathering of men in red is in contradiction to the clear shaft of white light shining on the fishmonger and children. The gathering of men looks to be outside due to the street pole with what may be gaslights. It is reported that Dore was color blind and was not adept at color shading (Malan 1). If it were not for the title I may have mistook this as a gathering of children at a fish market with their caretaker. Under closer scrutiny it shows the children as lacking shoes and wearing torn soiled clothing. 4Texture and Pattern London: A Pilgrimage, Houndsditch Figure 2 – http://www. f. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html London: A Pilgrimage, Found in the Street Figure 3 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html Here again his lack of training shows through on the use of light, shading and shadows. His surrounding treatment is far below his work illustrating Dante’s Inferno or the Bible. Looking at Figure 10 gives th e impression that the candle is giving off more light than it is truly capable of producing. There is also an imbalance to the scene because of the light. Artistic license aside, I prefer George de la Tours rendering in Joseph the Carpenter [Sayre 175]. The Figures clearly show the impoverished condition that has befallen the subjects in the picture and shows, as if in a photograph, the dire predicament that requires immediate intervention 5Comparisons The well meaning Dore did have influences during his formative years and it came about through his beginnings as a caricature artist. Artist like Grandville was admired enough by Dore that he went to him for advice on matters concerning his art. Dore studied closely the work of the first comic strip artist Rodolphe Toepher and this may have created a caricature memory strategy that was difficult to overcome (Duncum 97, 98). Lion Devouring a Rabbit Figure 1 – Eugene DelaCroix DelaCroix’s lion bears a more realistic representation of the animal than the one Gustave Dore’s illustrated on the cover drawing (Figure 15) for the book London: A Pilgrimage. Dore’s lion seems to melt into the surrounding environment and the foreshortening of the front paw and rear paw are not in keeping with the rules of perspective. Hercules at the Crossroads Figure 2 – Albrecht Durer (Germany) circa 1498 London: A Pilgrimage, Gustave Dore Figure 3 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html Albrecht Durer’s treatment of the muscular human male may seem to fall within the same realm as Dore’s human male in his cover drawing but, it shows Dore’s lack of formal training in the way the back muscles are rendered. Durer studied human anatomy extensively including bone structure, which I believe Dore did not fully grasp. London: A Pilgrimage, Newgate Exercise Yard Figure 4 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html There have been questions in the art world as to the influence of Dore on other artist; one in particular is Van Gogh who referred to him as the Artist of the People (Study Light Org). † Van Gogh had produced a picture called â€Å"Prison Yard† and it was presented without reference to being after a major artist and this was not acceptable. The critic clearly states the resemblance of the picture to Dore’s above in Figure 17 and describes it as â€Å"a tolerably literal rendering of an illustration by Gustave Dore. † He does continue to deride Dore with the continuing remark â€Å"It seems as if Van Gogh had discerned, as others have, an occasional article of value in the rubbish-heap of Dore’s production (R. S. 250). This is but one example of Dore’s place in the Art Critics of his time. His development of the illustrations for the book London: A Pilgrimage brought about the issues of the paupers and homeless (Smith 997-1032). Smith projects the impression of France’s workhouses as being equal to the dreadful pictures of London in Gustave Dore’s book. In conclusion Gustave Dore succeeded in presenting to the populace at hand on the issues of poverty through study sketches that were transformed into illustrations. His rendered illustrations clearly showed the large divide between the wealthy and the poor. His handsomely paid commission did not affect what he saw as blight in society. His participation in this particular commissioned work allowed him to perform a service that could not be ignored, and his focus on the plight of the paupers created a controversy that most artists during his time could afford (Grew 204). The many sketches he made for this project is not readily encompassed by this study and many scholars are still building a repertoire of research into a man who turned a commercially paid venture into a social statement, which will provide students and teachers with questions still unanswered.

Sainsbury Case Study

Introduction Sainsbury’s is now the third most important food retailer in the United Kingdom. In 1995, Tesco overtook the company to become the market leader after more than 20 years of constant growing. It has recently been pushed back by Asda in 2003. Sainsbury’s Supermarkets employ over 145,000 people, including Sava Centre. A large Sainsbury’s Supermarket offers over 23,000 products, 40% of these are Sainsbury’s own brand. The Sainsbury’s supermarkets serve over 11 million customers a week and as at June 2002 had 463 stores throughout the UK. In the year ended March 2003 it reported worldwide group turnover of over ? 17. 4 billion and profits of ? 454 million, with a total of over 170,000 full-time and part- time staff. The enterprise was founded in 1869 from an idea of John James Sainsbury’s and his wife Mary Ann. The first store was opened in Holborn, London and was selling fresh foods and later specialised into packaged groceries. Their strategy was â€Å"Quality perfect, prices lower†. The stores were very innovative by having their own label lines and presenting the products to consumers in a new way. They had marble counters, mosaic floors, as well as staff uniforms. The success was sudden and many other similar stores were created in London. On every shop, there was a high cast iron sign saying ‘J. Sainsbury’s. In 1922, it became the Uk's largest grocery group, and so got incorporated as a private company under the name of ‘J. Sainsbury Limited'. During these times they promoted quality fresh food produced with their own label line which made them extremely successful. The firm kept on growing even though it had to face the recession during the World War 2. Many stores got destroyed during London's bombardment and the decrease of the national income weakened the society. But in 1956, Alan Sainsbury’s became chairman after his father, John Benjamin' Sainsbury’s death. He came up with a new idea of promoting self-service supermarkets in the Uk after a trip to America. Their goal was to match quality of nationally branded goods with lower prices. The company went through its golden times. Innovative ideas and low cost of production gave the company a strong market position when it went public in July 1973. At the time, the family owned 85% of the firm's shares. It was the largest ever flotation on the London Stock Exchange with ? 14. 5 million available shares. The future of the company looked bright and they start replacing their 10 000 sq. ft. high street stores with self-service supermarkets above 20 000 sq. ft. New stores were opening in all England and the company invested in new technology. In 1991, the group was generating major profits and raised ? 489 million in new equity to fund the expansion of the superstores. In 1992, the long time CEO John Sainsbury’s retired and was succeeded by his cousin, David Sainsbury’s. He had different plans for the firm and decided to bring a change in the management style. But wrong decisions such as reluctance to move into non-food retailing or the indecision between quality or value made the company go down. Problems such as increasing infrastructure costs, stronger and consolidated competition from other stores were starting to rise. The firm was not focusing on low prices anymore but more on the store look and supply chain improvements. Their market and share loss to Asda shows quite well that marketing mix is important to customers. Macroenvironment Political factors Political factors are about how and to what extent the government intervenes into the organization. These interactions may include: * Labor law * Environmental law * Tariffs and quotas * Political stability * Tax policy * Trade restrictions For example, the fact of European Union extensions and new countries joining it, has an impact on the variety of products sold in Sainsbury’s. We can now see some foreign products as Polish beers or Cypriot yoghurts sold in the local supermarket. The goal behind this is to attract new customers by giving them the products they are used to buying in their own countries before coming to the UK. For employment legislations, the government encourages large retailers as Sainsbury’s to offer a mix of vacancies from flexible, lower-paid and locally-based jobs to highly-skilled, higher-paid and centrally-located jobs, as well as employing students, elderly people and working parents. Sainsbury’s offers thousands of jobs to people in the UK, being a labor-intensive sector and having a great impact on the employment rate by hiring large numbers of students, disabled and elderly people. The wages paid to this category might be the minimum wages, but at least the unemployment rate is slightly reduced. In an industry with a typically high staff turnover, these employees provide a higher level of loyalty and try to give their full abilities at the workplace. Trade restrictions between the UK and the rest of the world greatly affect supermarkets like Sainsbury’s as the buyers are not able to find what they are looking for in stores. All the foods imported must pass a strict control in order for us to see them on the shelves. Political stability around the world may also bring a chaos into our fridge. In the case of demonstrations, protests or more serious political conflicts, we can have delays or even cancellations in the arrivals on products in the country. If we just imagine that Brazil went on strike for a week, where would we be getting our coffees from every morning? Socio-cultural factors Socio-cultural factors are about how new trends and styles emerging in the world around us can affect our economy. Our world is changing and developing every day with people adapting new habits and getting aware of new things going on. These can include: * Career attitudes * Safety emphasis Age distribution * Population growth rate * Community works Sainsbury’s can be so called the modern supermarket, following all the new market trends and rapidly responding to all the new demands consumers might possess. It is operating under a good reputation and always following the responsibility for the society and the surroundings, by organizing charity events, sponsoring games, competitions , etc. The last few decades, the population in the UK has been ageing as there is a low birth rate, so Sainsbury’s in return has been hiring elderly employees to satisfy the unemployment gap in that age section. Elderly buyers are looking to purchase affordable, healthy foods which makes supermarkets take actions. In general, there has been a great shift of people wanting to eat healthy and quickly, thus Sainsbury’s has introduced vegetable packets and healthy meal deals. Consumers are always in a hurry not having time to get home and cook a proper meal, so more frozen, ready meals have been offered to them. An increase in immigration of buyers from the Eastern Europe has made Sainsbury’s introduce new recipes and more variety of goods for that group of customers. That is now why we can see Lithuanian or Romanian products as sausages sold in Sainsbury’s. A large number of people from the Middle East living in the UK have also made a big impact, this is why we now see Halal meat or an enormous variety of spices in our local store. Legal factors * Discrimination Law * Antitrust Law * Employment Law * Consumer Law * Health and Safety Law Legal factors are related to the legal environment in which the company operates. Sainsbury’s is in the boundaries of legal factors in all three fields: locally, nationally and globally. There have been many changes in the laws passed in the UK over the last few years, one of the examples being the age discrimination law. This law says that all people, regardless their age should be treated the same at their workplace and promotions should be allocated regardless the age. The upper age for payment of Statutory Sick Pay has been removed, meaning that people over 65 who are still working are entitled to SSP the same way other employees are. This of course has had a big impact on supermarkets as Sainsbury’s as the management has to be very careful when selecting people filling the vacancies and obeying this law. Another example of a legal factor was when The Food Retailing Commission suggested an enforceable Code of Practice should be set up banning many of the current practices, such as demanding payments from suppliers and changing agreed prices without notice. (Mintel Report, 2004) On the 1st of October 2011, the minimum wage in the UK for an adult(over 21) has been changed from 5. 93 to 6. 08 pounds an hour, promising there will be room for more generous change in the future as the economy recovers from the financial recession. This has hit the Sainsbury’s pockets’. 5 pence an hour for each employee can add up to hundreds of thousands of pounds per week for Sainsbury’s. In January 2010, it has been announced that a new law was going to be issued that all under 21s will have to show an ID card when buying alcohol in the supermarket. There were also rises in the alcohol prices during this campaign to discourage people from drinking. This has given Sainsbury’s a hard time, as less people are able to buy alcoholic drinks either due to age limit or high prices. No one can take a wine bottle through the till without proof of age anymore. ) Economical factors Each government has an important impact on each company. Like other companies, Sainsbury’s was affected by a lot of economical factors as: * Taxation charges * Economic growth * Inflation * Exchange rates * Changes in income Each factor has a different impact on company. For example, the taxation charges force the company to increase the price of products to achieve the desired profit. If the taxation charges are low the price of products is lower and when the taxation charges are high, the price is higher. Another factor is inflation. Inflation changes from year to year and affects more and more the customer. If in 2000 with 100? you bought 100kg of sugar, now in 2011 you can buy only 50kg of sugar. The economic growth can affect your company in a bad manner or in a good manner. For example, now we deal with a crisis period and large companies like Sainsbury’s suffer a lot. The economic growth also has some employment effects. We can see a rise in the number of people employed by Sainsbury’s and this affects the United Kingdom economy. Now in 2011 we deal with a crisis period and appear some changes in population income. The number of companies that went in a bankrupt or are nearly to bankrupt has been increased and this results a large number of unemployed people, which means a decrease in sales. Sainsbury’s also established a bank in 1997, part of Lloyds Banking group. Sainsbury’s Bank offers a lot of services like travel money, car, health and life, pet insurances. Also Sainsbury’s Bank covers loans, savings accounts and has its own credit card and security plans. 2) Technological factors â€Å"Forces that create new technologies, creating new product and market opportunities† – Kotler P. amp; Armstrong G. , 2008. Principles of Marketing, 12th Edition. Technology for Sainsbury’s is significant because it helps control the population and attracts new and potential customers. With technology, Sainsbury’s can create new sort of products useful for population. Technological process is improving from year to year and helps company to decrease the product ion costs. In these processes are increasingly used machines and robots and because of this many people lose their jobs. By introducing more machines than people can reduce the waste of products and other costs. The products also are more complex with new facilities. In all these years of existence, Sainsbury’s developed some technological strategies of product selling. The Sainsbury’s improvements of product selling are: * Online shopping * Online recruitment * Bar coding * Self service counter Online shopping improves a lot the sales because it helps the consumers to buy directly the product, without going to the store. The customer has more time to choose the product, compare with other products and also compare the price. Sainsbury’s has also an online recruitment service. This service would save the company ? 4million a year in administration costs. It helps you to become an employee of Sainsbury’s by only sending your CV to their Online Recruitment Office and they will choose one. Bar coding it is a very innovative method of sorting the product. The bar coding helps the company to be more ordered and the customer also. For example, some kind of mobile applications that can scan the bar code and shows you the best price for product. Self service counter is another technological process which reduces the workforce costs and with this service the customer can avoid queues. For example, If you are in a hurry or you have only two or three products and you do not want or have time to sit at the queue you can use self service counter for a fast way to pay for products. 3) Environmental factors Environmental factors refer to ecological and environmental aspects such as weather and climate which can affect a company and may change the number of sales in a large company like Sainsbury’s. A company cannot change the environmental factors, but it does have fair amount of control over impact on its performance. For example, if the number of rainy days will increase, maybe the number of raincoats and umbrellas will increase too. That is how environmental factors affect a company and can have good parts and bad parts. Sainsbury’s also adopt an ecological factor which can reduce pollution. Sainsbury’s Recycle offers customer the opportunity to recycle every old mobile phone, digital camera, MP3 or games consoles and finally the customer receives money. Also Sainsbury’s introduced some sort of facilities for customers to reduce the non-renewable materials (such as oil, coal, gas) and use renewable materials (such as forests). These facilities are: * Home insulation – a facility for your house to stop the heat escaping from your house * Solar electricity – Solar Photovoltaic (PV) panels allow you to generate your own electricity * Feed-in tariff – The Feed-in Tariff is a Government initiative that encourages and rewards people for generating their own low carbon energy through a renewable source. Ecogen – Generate electricity with your boiler – An Ecogen Micro Combined Heat and Power (CHP) system replaces your boiler, burning gas to create heat and hot water, and on average it generates about 30% of the electricity a household needs Sainsbury’s drew up a partnership with British Gas and they established their own gas stations. This partnership aims to help the customers to save energy (non-renewable materials like gas) and reduce the costs by introducing Nectar. With Nectar Collector you can collect points on every day shopping and then you can spend points however you want. Microeconomic environment The general discussion in this part is the market research and the structure of Sainsbury’s market. These factors influence what sort of competition the organisation is facing and how does the organisation manipulate the 7Ps. We are going to look at the internal factors like: Product and services, relationship with customers, charities and supplies. Product and Services To be successful, Sainsbury’s operates through an important market research. Their aim is to increase their sales and to do that they take into account the four marketing mix e. . product, price, place and promotion. Sainsbury’s is in the oligopoly category and as not many firms are in this important category they are always trying to gain market share. The product research is one of the key to achieve their goals. Sainsbury’s is well known for their quality and this is important to beat the competitors. They need to focus on what the customer wants before any othe r company does. In today’s society everybody is attracted by a product with a good quality and Sainsbury’s is able to provide permanently high quality goods. During the year 2004 they have invested in their food ranges and have improved/ developed over 3200 products and Sainsbury’s have constant supply of fresh fruits and vegetables on shelves 24 hours. † To be sure that all the goods are fresh they have a special staff to make sure that the products are not expired. Sainsbury’s is one of the first market dealing with their own products for example; soft drinks and glossaries. Furthermore, it is one of the first supermarkets in the UK to provide its services with a home delivery service. They provide this service to help the older people and to make their customer life easier. Moreover, to improve their sales and make a big growth they have specialised staff trying to take the customers comments and needs. Therefore they can improve the product with most negative comments and vice versa. In Sainsbury’s, the promotion is an important factor to introduce a new product on the market. It has to be advertised to be sure that the customer is aware of it. The concept is to create a message which is directly targeted to the people. To make sure that the new product is going to be very popular they make promotion on it for example during the first month. In addition they make different offers in every period of the year. During the summer it is going to be on the fruits and frozen products while during Christmas they make discounts on every product to influence the customer to buy more. All these advantages allow them to be well differentiated from their competitors. Finally, Sainsbury’s have different types of stores which are providing different types of services. When customers want to buy a small amount of goods they can go to the local Sainsbury’s which providing less goods. For larger amount of foods, the customers can go to the large stores. They have more products and more services around e. g. public transports and car park facilities. Relationship with customers The relationship with the customer is very important and it is a factor creating more popularity for the firm. In every business the customer is seen as the most important ‘key’ for the company to work well. If the customer is not enough satisfied the company will loose its popularity. For Sainsbury’s, it is very important to keep a close relationship with their customers by providing good quality food but at a fair price. The Human Resources department involves the management of people and them different key areas. One of the most important one is the customer service assistance. Employees are trained to give a great service to the customer. For instance; in Sainsbury’s there are the cashiers but customer may also see some employees who help the customers with the selection of goods and packaging. One more key attribute about Sainsbury’s is that they provide good relationship to their customers and have an internet- based services which have deliver efficient home delivery and 93% of UK households are currently using their internet services. Furthermore, after a survey in 2004/05 were they mention capitalist from the sacrifices made by J Sainsbury’s to continue good relationship with their customers. In 2004/05 also reduces prices on 7. 000 products and the typical week’s shopping cost 1. 6 % less than a year ago. Moreover, J Sainsbury’s were named organic supermarket for the third time in 2004/05 period time. And supported Taste of Success in a link which promotes Food education and cooking in Schools and for this activity have participated more than 250. 000 children. Moreover, customers are attracted by a product not only for the price and the quality but also by the package. Even if they don’t think it pass through their mind when they buy the product, the package is one of the most important things and the sales are going to be higher with a coloured and attractive package. Finally, the main aim is to have customers who are dependent on the supermarket. Therefore, Sainsbury’s try to keep regular opening hours and they make sure that the queuing times are not excessive. Moreover, they make sure that the products are always available because when you have to deal with an accustomed customer, you can’t say to him that the product is out of stock because there is a chance that this customer is just coming for one product only. To reduce the cost, Sainsbury’s is always equipped with a store manager. His job is to ensure that the actions are fast with good quality. If all the operations are done effectively then, the costs will be low. Charity J Sainsbury's is one of the big companies which strongly believed that success is not only how to increase the profits of the business and also a different section that works on how to help people that have any kind of problems. For example J Sainsbury's in 2004/05 supported several national charities and donating food and equipment. Moreover in 2005 J Sainsbury’s customers were using coins machines in their stores. The machines take a 7% commission which raised the following sums in 2004/05: Children in Need gave ? 15. 233 also for British Red Cross gave ? 17. 881. Moreover, gave ? 18. 015 for Cancer Research and ? 9. 361 for Unicef. Furthermore, J Sainsbury's gave for British Heart Foundation ? 9. 627 and ? 5. 533 for WWF and for Red Nose Day 05 gave ? 3. 300. In addition, J Sainsbury's have donated 150. 000 thousand pounds to Children Society in support to encourage young people to eat healthy. Also, all J Sainsbury’s stores have charity boxes where customers can donate their change to local charity. However, J Sainsbury’s after all these benefits which helped a lot of people is still continuing to provide help to people with needs. In 2004 J Sainsbury’s collected a total of ? 1. 7 million from collogues throughout the company and from customers at various stores which then donated it to the affected populations of the Tsunami in Thailand. Also J Sainsbury’s for one more time revealed their sensitivity for people who need financial support. Last May colleagues have raised ? 3. 000 for charity which helps children in need with shortened life expectancy . Children with illnesses require expensive equipment and J Sainsbury’s brand raised the money and the charity is able to provide some of this equipment. According to the aforementioned, the humanitarian efforts from people that work in J Sainsbury’s give pleasure and happiness in people with needs. Phillip Wardman , online groceries manager at J Sainsbury’s York store dedicates his leisure time to support the Yorkshire Air Ambulance which relies solely on donations from the public. This year he organized a 24- hour bike ride from Edinburg to York covering 210 miles. Moreover, Phillip Wardman said he wanted to do something different for the charity and this certainly was challenge. However, he had been named ‘’Local Hero ‘’ by the York store and he was also awarded by their Chief Executive, Justin King. In my opinion the success for all the kind of businesses is not only to find profit and loss the end of the season and perform accounting procedures . Of course it is essential for all the businesses to find out how well the sales went the previous year but it is also important to think how you can help people who are unable to have the same benefits and the chances as the others. Services J Sainsbury’s brand aim in every day basis is to provide an easy access to customers. At present J Sainsbury’s are experimenting new approaches which can reduce queuing times at checkouts. Moreover, in 34 stores customers can use a hand-held scanner to scan theirs items while they shop at Sainsbury’s. Also, they have introduced self services checkouts in 58 stores nationwide. J Sainsbury’s have been reported to have 600 drivers operating more than 400 vans providing services in 2005/2006 and were serving 38. 000 customers per week. In addition, J Sainsbury’s was the first chain store to sing up to the guide dogs for blind people street charter in 2005. This aims to provide the right support for blind or partially sighted customers. SWOT of Sainsbury’s SWOT analysis is a strategic management method used to assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, as well as threats associated with a project or a business venture. It involves laying down main objectives of a business project in addition to identifying the favorable and unfavorable internal and external factors that may affect the achievement of a given objective. It also helps in identifying suitable areas for development. Identification of SWOTs is essential because subsequent steps in the planning process for achievement of the objective may be derived from it. First, the decision makers, using SWOTs, ought to determine whether the objective is achievable. In the event that the objective is not achievable, the process is repeated after selecting a different objective. The aim of any SWOT analysis is to establish the key internal and external factors affecting the achievement of an objective. The internal factors are strengths and weaknesses, which are dynamics from within an organization while opportunities and threats are forces from outside of an organization are the external factors. These come from within the company's unique value chain. Sainsbury’s is an internationally recognized chain of supermarkets based in the United Kingdom. Its headquarters are situated in London which is a strategic place due to ease of accessibility. It owns J Sainsbury’s plc. : This is the main company of Sainsbury’s Supermarkets Ltd. The main competitors of Sainsbury’s are Tesco and ASDA who overtook it as market leaders. Their other investments are in banking sectors and property management. In 2004, Sainsbury’s performance improved and this has been attributed to Justin King, its current CEO. In our analysis of Sainsbury’s, we focus on their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths Strengths are features of a business that are used as a basis for developing competitive advantage. Sainsbury’s has been in market for a substantially long period of time. This is enough to make it popular among its loyal customers, therefore is has used marketing and unique branding techniques to capitalize on the U. K market. Differentiation of products and services offered has been determining factor to Sainsbury’s success because it states what the company stands for. Not only does it serve United Kingdom customers but it also has other chains stores, self selection stores and supermarket across major European countries. The companies’ logo was designed with a conspicuously orange color, which is a key factor in its identity. With its current Chief Executive Officer, Sainsbury’s has seen total transformation symbolized by its growth rate, a high stock turnover and huge profit margins after tax and dividend deductions. Justin King has managed to employ and upraise his current staff and this has been a major step towards facing competition posed by ASDA and Tesco. Furthermore Sainsbury's has been involved in community initiated programs. As a company it appreciates its place in society and it is obliged to give back to the community through social responsibility. This has won the company not only customers approval but also favors from environmental activists who portray it as having a good brand. Another factor that has seen Sainsbury’s through the hard hit times to become strengths is use of advertisements. Advertisement is an art, which should be done skillfully to create a lasting impression in the eyes of customers. Keeping this in mind, Sainsbury’s chain of supermarkets has used celebrities to advertise specific product groups boosting sales. Embracing online advertisement has been a major factor in promoting its products both locally and internationally where interested customers then transact through e-commerce. In summary, the main strengths portrayed in Sainsbury’s SWOT analysis include; reputable management, skilled labor force, advertisement, loyal customers and a strong brand name. Weaknesses Weaknesses are characteristics that place a business at a disadvantage relative to others. The absence of certain strengths may be viewed as a weakness. For example; a weak brand name, high cost structure, lack of patent protection, poor reputation among customers, lack of access to key distribution channels and lack of access to natural resources. In some cases, a weakness may be the flip side of strength. Sainsbury’s has failed to protect its markets against threats and potential new entrants. Being better placed with high competitive advantage, it ought to have utilized the opportunity as the first chain of supermarkets in the U. K to remain a market leader. To implement this it could consider being a price leader of the entire market enjoying economies of scale to the disadvantage of its competitors. By so doing Tesco and ASDA could have found the market too harsh for them to compete therefore reducing their activities. Lack of brand visibility has been a lacking factor in the success of Sainsbury’s. For products to sale they have to be organized and properly arranged on the supermarkets shelves for customers to see and select. Therefore supermarket shelves need to be spacious enough to accommodate oods and allow ease of access incase a customer picks on a given product. In trying to fix the problem of inventory display and shelf space, the results were even more disastrous. The new arrangement format was more confusing to customers. Opportunities Opportunities are external chances to improve performance in a business environment. The external environmental analysis may reveal certain new opportunitie s for profit and growth. Examples of opportunities include; use of new technology, loosening of government regulations, removal of tariffs and trade barriers. Sainsbury’s has great opportunities, which could see it back to the top. They have a great opportunity to win back the trust of their target customers through better customer service. Loyalty program is another great way of safeguarding repeat sales and committed customers. The company also has shares in financial services sector, though there might be new business opportunities to explore. Alternatively, Sainsbury's could use its chain of supermarkets and other business investments to secure its financial future just incase of economic recession or as a prospect for investment. Threats Threats are external elements in the environment that could cause trouble for the business. Changes in the external environmental also may present threats to the firm. Examples of threats include: a change in consumer tastes in favor of competitors products, presence of substitute goods in the market and stringent barriers to trade. Sainsbury’s needs to invest in more environmental programs despite knowing that it will not directly benefit its stakeholders. Economic meltdowns are beyond an organizations control, therefore the shaking world economy is a threat to Sainsbury’s group of businesses. REFERENCES 1. Brassington F. and Petit S. , 2006. Principles of Marketing, 4th ed. 2. Prentice Hall; Pearson Education. 3. Kotler P. nd Armstrong G. , (2008), Principles of Marketing Twelfth Edition 4. Brassington F. and Petit S. , (2009), Principles of Marketing Fourth Edition 5. Katameni,2010. Macro environment and The marketing mix used by Sainsbury’s [online] Available at: [Accessed 19 November 2011] 6. User: ukstudent , 2008. SWOT, PESTEL and Porter's 5 For ces analyses of Sainsbury's [online]. Available at[Accessed 20 November 2011] 7. Mark Tran, 2006. Sainsbury's introduces compostable packaging [online]. Available at;URL:http://www. guardian. co. uk/environment/2006/sep/08/supermarkets. business;[Accessed 20 November 2011] 8. Anonymous, 2011. Products and services[online]. 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